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A&P2 > Lecture Test One Part One > Flashcards

Lecture Test One Part One Flashcards

1
Q

Why is temperature regulation so important?

A

An imbalance in temperature could cause reactions to enzymes

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2
Q

What area of the brain regulates temperature?

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the normal core body temperature?

A

99.6 degrees

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4
Q

Humans are classified as ________ which means they are able to regulate their body temperature.

A

homeotherms

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5
Q

How is temperature maintained?

A

a balance between heat gained and heat lost

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6
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

heat gain exceeds heat lost

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7
Q

What temperature will hyperthermia set in?

A

technically 100 degrees but enzymes will not be affected until temperatures of more than 103

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8
Q

What are some common causes of hyperthermia?

A

exercise
environment
fever

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9
Q

What will hyperthermia cause?

A

heat stroke

heat exhaustion

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

A

flushed, sweating profusely, nasea, dizzy. Patient will survive.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

A

flushed, vomiting, comatose, patient has stopped sweating

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12
Q

A fever is caused by the release of

A

pyrogens

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13
Q

Pyrogens from WBCs increase the release of

A

prostaglandins

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14
Q

Prostaglandins affect the

A

hypothalamus to raise the set temperature.

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15
Q

In theory, prostaglandins reset

A

the thermostat

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16
Q

Aspirin is an

A

antiprostaglandin

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17
Q

What does aspirin do?

A

It prevents the thermostat from resetting. It will make you feel better but will keep the invader from leaving

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18
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

heat loss exceeds heat gain

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19
Q

What are some common causes of hypothermia?

A

environment

anesthesia

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20
Q

At what temperature will hypothermia set in?

A

95 degrees or lower.

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21
Q

What happens to enzymes during hypothermia?

A

It slows them down but does not denature them as in hyperthermia

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of hypothermia?

A 
decreased heart rate,
decreased respiratory rate
decreased metabolism
vasoconstriction
coma
death
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23
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time.

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24
Q

what does the metabolic rate compare?

A

ATP use and production

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25
Q

what are the three locations for energy use?

A

basal metabolic rate
thermic affect of food
muscle acttivity

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26
Q

what is basal metabolic rate?

A

energy that keeps resting body functioning. most energy is used for this

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27
Q

what is thermic effect of food?

A

energy needed for digestion of food. least amount of energy used for this

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28
Q

what is muscle activity?

A

energy used for movement of skeletal muscles

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29
Q

What will happen if energy intake is higher that enrgy output?

A

weight gain

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30
Q

How many calories does an average 154lb male need daily?

A

2700 calories

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31
Q

How many calories does an average 120 lb woman need daily?

A

2000

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32
Q

what are the two ways to produce ATP?

A

anaerobically

aerobically

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33
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

no oxygen needed
no mitochondria
glycolysis followed by fermentation

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34
Q

how many ATPs does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

2 ATPs

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35
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

needs oxygen
needs mitochondria
glycolysis, Krebs, ETC

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36
Q

How many ATPs does aerobic respiration make?

A

38

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37
Q

All energy is derived from

A

the sun

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38
Q

ATP input comes from

A

the food we eat

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39
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules

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40
Q

What are the six different activities that the digestion system carries out?

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Motility
Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
Absorption
Elimination
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41
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The intake of food

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42
Q

What is secretion?

A

cells within the digestive system will release substances that aid in digestion

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43
Q

What are some different types of secretion?

A

7 liters of water, enzymes, acids, mucus

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44
Q

what is motility?

A

movement of food from one tract to the next

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45
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions of the gastrointestinal tract

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46
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

movements of the GI tract that aid in the breakdown of the food.

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47
Q

What are some examples of mechanical digestion?

A

chewing, peristalsis, mixing

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48
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

chemical reactions that breakdown organic molecules into smaller ones using enzymes

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49
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions without changing themselves

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50
Q

each enzyme will have its own

A

substrate

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51
Q

enzymes work best when they are at

A

optimal temperature and optimal pH

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52
Q

what is absorption?

A

passage of digested food from the GI tract into vessels (Blood and lymph)

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53
Q

what is the purpose of absorption?

A

so food molecules can be transmitted to and used by body cells

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54
Q

what is elimination?

A

removal of undigested substances from the GI tract.

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55
Q

What are the 2 main groups of the digestive system?

A

GI tract

accessory structures

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56
Q

what is the GI tract?

A

the organs that the food actually pass through

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57
Q

what are the organs of the GI tract?

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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58
Q

What is the length of the GI tract?

A

25-28 feet

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59
Q

what is the total transit time of the digestive system?

A

24-36 hours

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60
Q

what are accessory structures?

A

they aid in digestion but the food does not go through them

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61
Q

what are some examples of accessory structures?

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
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62
Q

What are the histology layers of the digestive tract?

A

tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa

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63
Q

What is the mouth

A

opening of the digestive tract from lips to pharynx

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64
Q

what are the two compartments of the mouth?

A

vestibule

oral cavity

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65
Q

what is the vestibule?

A

area of the mouth between the cheeks and the gums (gingiva)

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66
Q

what is the oral cavity?

A

lined by hard and soft palate superior, uvula posterior, teeth anterior

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67
Q

what are the two sets of teeth that humans have

A

primary/deciduous

secondary/permanent

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68
Q

why are teeth important?

A

mechanical digestion and speech

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69
Q

what are the four different types of teeth?

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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70
Q

The deciduous teeth enter the gingiva beginning at

A

6 months

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71
Q

When are deciduous teeth usually complete?

A

age 2

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72
Q

when do permanent teeth begin forming?

A

age 5 or 6

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73
Q

The tongue is mostly composed of

A

skeletal muscle

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74
Q

The tongue is attached to the bottom of the mouth by the

A

lingual frenulum

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75
Q

what are the functions of the tongue?

A

movement of food
taste
speech

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76
Q

what part of the tongue is important to taste?

A

anterior portion

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77
Q

what are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands?

A

parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingal glands

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78
Q

What are the parotid glands?

A

largest of the glands they produce a serous secretion

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79
Q

where are the parotid glands found?

A

anterior to the ears

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80
Q

Where do the parotid secretions enter?

A

over the 2nd upper molar

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81
Q

What pathology is associated with the parotid glands?

A

the mumps, a viral infection that leads to swelling of the glands

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82
Q

what are the submanidibular glands?

A

found under the mandible they produce a serous secretion

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83
Q

where do the submandibular secretions enter?

A

adjacent to the lingual freenulum

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84
Q

what are sublingal glands?

A

found under the tongue producing a mucus secretion

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85
Q

where does the sublingual secretion enter?

A

numerous locations

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86
Q

What are the functions of the salivary glands

A

secretion of saliva

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87
Q

what type of glands are the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

exocrine glands

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88
Q

Saliva is 99.5% water and is under control by the

A

nervous system

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89
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A 
dissolving food
lubrication
stimulation of tastebuds
bacterial prevention
contains enzymes important in digestion of carbs
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90
Q

taste buds are a type of

A

chemioreceptor

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91
Q

How does saliva prevent bacteria to enter the mouth?

A

lysozymes

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92
Q

What is the mechanical digestion of the mouth?

A

mastication

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93
Q

what is the purpose of mastication?

A

to increase surface area allowing more digestive enzymes to come into contact with the food

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94
Q

what is the result of the actions of the teeth and the tongue?

A

a bolus is formed

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95
Q

what is a bolus?

A

a soft, round ball of food

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96
Q

What chemical digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

salivary amylase

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97
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

a special enzyme that begins to break down carbohydrates

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98
Q

Salivary amylase breaks:

A

polysaccharides into disaccharides

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99
Q

salivary amylase is primarily produced by

A

submandibular glands

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100
Q

what is the optimal temperature for salivary amylase

A

98.6

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101
Q

what is the optimal pH of salivary amylase?

A

7

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102
Q

what is the optimal pH of lingual lipase?

A

5

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103
Q

does the mouth have ingestion?

A

yes

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104
Q

does the mouth have secretion

A

yes, saliva

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105
Q

does the mouth have motility?

A

yes mastication

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106
Q

what chemical digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

salivary amylase

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107
Q

what mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

mastication

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108
Q

does absorption occur in the mouth?

A

no

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109
Q

does elimination occur in the mouth?

A

no

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110
Q

what occurs after the bolus is formed?

A

deglutition

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111
Q

what is deglutition?

A

swallowing

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112
Q

when deglutition occurs the bolus is pushed:

A

into the pharynx with the help of peristalsis.

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113
Q

After the bolus enters the pharynx it continues to

A

the esophagus

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114
Q

What covers the larynx?

A

epiglottis

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115
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis?

A

prevents food and water from entering as the bolus passes

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116
Q

does ingestion occur in the pharynx?

A

no

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117
Q

does secretion occur in the pharynx?

A

no

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118
Q

does motility occur in the pharynx?

A

yes–deglutition

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119
Q

what mechanical digestion occurs in the pharynx?

A

deglutition

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120
Q

what chemical digestion occurs in the pharynx?

A

salivary amylase

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121
Q

does absortion occur in the pharynx?

A

no

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122
Q

does elimination occur in the pharynx?

A

no

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123
Q

what is the esophagus?

A

a collapsible, muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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124
Q

where is the esophagus located?

A

the mediastinum of the thorax

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125
Q

As the bolus moves from the pharynx into the esophagus it will pass through a sphincter called

A

the upper esophageal sphincter

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126
Q

what is a sphincter?

A

circular muscle that can constrict an opening regulating movement of the digestive contents through the GI tract

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127
Q

the esophagus will go through the

A

diaphram

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128
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a large muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity at an opening called the esophageal hiatus

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129
Q

what is a hiatal hernia?

A

when the esophageal hiatus causes a weakness in the diaphragm and portions of abdominal organs protrude into the thoracic cavity

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130
Q

the esophagus eventually narrows and the bolus passes through the _________ to the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

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5
Perfectly
131
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

involuntary smooth muscle contractions that push food down

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132
Q

peristalsis is under control by the

A

medulla oblongata

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133
Q

does the esophagus have ingestion

A

no

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134
Q

does the esophagus have secretion

A

mucus

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135
Q

does the esophagus have motility?

A

peristalsis

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136
Q

what chemical digestion occurs in the esophagus?

A

salivary amylase

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137
Q

what mechanical digestion occurs in the esophagus>

A

peristalsis

138
Q

does absorption occur in the esophagus?

A

no

139
Q

does elimination occur in the esophagus?

A

no

140
Q

the stomach is shaped like a

A

j

141
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

under the diaphragm primarily on the left side

142
Q

what are the four areas of the stomach?

A

cardiac region
fundus
body
pylorus

143
Q

where is the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

surrounds lower esophageal sphincter

144
Q

what is the fundus?

A

the rounded portion of the stomach

145
Q

what is the body portion of the stomach?

A

large central portion

146
Q

where is the pylorus?

A

most inferior portion of the stomach, right around the pyloric sphincter

147
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter connect?

A

the stomach and the small intestine

148
Q

what is the histology of the stomach?

A

arranged in large folds called the rugae

149
Q

when empty, the stomach is the size of

A

a clenched fist

150
Q

the stomach can hold up to

A

4 liters

151
Q

what do mixing waves do?

A

they push the bolus around causing it to be mixed with digestive enzymes

152
Q

The mixing waves eventually turn the bolus into

A

chyme

153
Q

mixing waves are a type of

A

mechanical digestion

154
Q

the stomachs pH is usually around

A

2

155
Q

How much secretion occurs in the stomach?

A

2-3 liters

156
Q

why is the stomach so acidic?

A

the secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells

157
Q

Hydrochloric acid is important because

A

it maintains optimal pH for digestive enzymes and kills bacteria

158
Q

Hydrochloric acid deactivates

A

salivary amylase due to the change of pH

159
Q

what is pepsin?

A

an enzyme that is secreted into the stomach lumen by chief cells

160
Q

what is the function of pepsin?

A

digestion of proteins

161
Q

how does pepsin digest proteins?

A

reduces the length and changes the shape of amino acid chains

162
Q

pepsin is secreted in the inactive form called

A

pepsinogen

163
Q

what activates pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

the presence of hydrochloric acid

164
Q

what is gastric lipase?

A

enzyme produced by chief cells that digests lipids

165
Q

what is the optimal pH of gastric lipase?

A

5-6

166
Q

what is mucus?

A

alkaline substance that is produced by mucous cells in the stomach lining

167
Q

what is the function of mucus?

A

moistens the bolus and offers protection to the lining of the stomach

168
Q

what is gastrin?

A

hormone of the stomach (not an enzyme) produced by endocrine cells

169
Q

what is the function of gastrin?

A

relaxation of the pyloric sphincter after a meal and release of HCL and pepsinogen

170
Q

what is histamine?

A

hormone produced by endocrine cells that affects H2 receptors on parietal cells

171
Q

what is intrinsic factor?

A

a glycoprotein that is secreted by parietal cells

172
Q

what is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

allows for the absorption of B12 needed for production of RBCs.

173
Q

Can people live without a stomach?

A

yes but they needed to eat smaller meals more frequently.

174
Q

what is the biggest problem with people who have no stomach?

A

anemia

175
Q

what is anemia?

A

a decrease of RBCs

176
Q

How is anemia treated??

A

B12 shots taken exogenously

177
Q

where do most secretions come from?

A

the stomach

178
Q

parietal cells are responsible for

A

hydrochloric acid production

intrinsic factor

179
Q

what are chief cells responsible for?

A

pepsinogen

gastric lipase

180
Q

what are endocrine cells responsible for

A

histamine and gastrin

181
Q

what are mucous cells responsible for?

A

making mucus

182
Q

Are carbs digested in the stomach?

A

no only proteins

183
Q

what are the three phases to stomach digestion?

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

184
Q

what is the cephalic phase?

A

the smell and thought of food

chewing (small quantity of histamine and gastrin are released) (HCL/pepsin)

185
Q

what is the gastric phase?

A

the stomach expands and activates a mechanoreceptor.

186
Q

what is released during the gastric phase?

A

a large amount of histamine and gastrin producing a large amount of HCL and pepsin

187
Q

what is the intestinal phase?

A

small intestine. chyme has now left the stomach and stomach has turned off. small intestine turns on.

188
Q

what is released in the intestinal phase?

A

secretin
cholecystokinin
gastric inhibitory polypeptide

189
Q

most absorption occurs in the

A

small intestine

190
Q

what things can go through the stomach wall?

A

water
electrolytes
some drugs
alcohol

191
Q

within 2-6 hours after eating the stomach has emptied its contents into the

A

duodenum though the pyloric sphincter

192
Q

does ingestion occur in the stomach?

A

no

193
Q

does secretion occur in the stomach?

A

2-3 liters mostly mucus

194
Q

does motility occur in the stomach?

A

`peristalsis and mixing waves

195
Q

does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach?

A

peristalsis and mixing waves

196
Q

does chemical digestion occur in the stomach?

A

pepsin and gastric lipase

197
Q

does absorption occur in the stomach?

A

water, electrolytes, some drugs and alcohol

198
Q

does elimination occur in the stomach?

A

no

199
Q

what are the three regions of the small intestine?>

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

200
Q

what are the accessory structures of the small intestine?

A

pancreas
liver
gall bladder

201
Q

where does majority of digestion occur

A

small intestine

202
Q

As chyme leaves the stomach it passes through the duodenum and comes in contact with material from

A

pancreas
gall bladder
liver

203
Q

the pancreas is both

A

exocrine and endocrine organ

204
Q

the endocrine portion of the pancreas is responsible for

A

homeostasis

205
Q

the exocrine portion of the small intestine is responsible for

A

digestive enzymes

206
Q

________ make up the exocrine glands of the pancreas

A

acini cells

207
Q

acini cells secrete

A

pancreatic juice that contains many digestive enzymes

208
Q

the pancreatic juices will be secreted into the

A

pancreatic duct and the accessory duct

209
Q

what is pancreatic juice?

A

clear, colorless secretion composed of water, electrolytes, and enzymes

210
Q

what is the pH of pancreatic juice?

A

7.2-8.2

211
Q

what is significant of the pH of pancreatic juice?

A

stops the action of pepsin and activates gastric lipase

212
Q

what enzymes are in pancreatic juice?

A 
pancreatic amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
procarboxypeptidase
pancreatic lipase
ribonucleases
deoxyribonuclease
213
Q

what is pancreatic amylase?

A

continues digestion of carbohydrates that was started in the mouth

214
Q

what is the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

turns polysaccharides into disaccharides

215
Q

what is trypsin, chymotrypsin and procarboxypeptidase?

A

enzymes secreted in inactive form and are activated by enterokinase

216
Q

what is pancreatic lipase?

A

continues the digestion of lipids

217
Q

what is the function of ribonucleases and deoxyribonucleases?

A

digestion of nucleic acids

218
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas. It overproduces enzymes causing damage to DNA. The pancreas begins eating itself

219
Q

what is the treatment for pancreatitis?

A

no eating or drinking

220
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

secretes the hormones glucagon and insulin

221
Q

what are glucagon and insulin important for?

A

maintaining the level of glucose in the blood

222
Q

where are glucagon and insulin produced?

A

islet of langerhans

223
Q

what is the islet of Langerhans composed of?

A

alpha and beta cells

224
Q

what are alpha cells?

A

produce glucagon when glucose levels in blood decrease

225
Q

how does glucagon work?

A

travels to the liver and causes glycogenolysis. Glucose is released into the blood maintaining homeostasis

226
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glucogen into glucose

227
Q

what are beta cells?

A

they produce insulin when blood glucose levels increase.

228
Q

how does insulin work?

A

it travels to the liver and causes glycogenesis. It also increases the permeability of the cell membrane to glucose allowing passage of glucose into the cell and out of the blood

229
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

converting glycogen into glucose

230
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

inability of the body to produce insulin, produce active insulin, or failure of the receptors to work properly.

231
Q

what is the diagnosis of diabetes?

A

fasting hyperglycemia, glucosaria

232
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetes>

A

PU/PD/PP

233
Q

what is PU?

A

polyuria–constantly urinating

234
Q

what is PD?

A

polydipsia–constantly drinking

235
Q

what is PP?

A

polyphagia–constantly eating

236
Q

what are the three types of diabetes?

A

type 1
type 2
gestational

237
Q

what is type one diabetes?

A

juvenile onset
insulin dependent
diagnosed in children

238
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

adult onset
associated with the obese
non insulin dependent
a resistance to insulin

239
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A

pregnancy

good prenatal care can fix it

240
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

under the diaphram

241
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver?

A

right
left
caudate
quadrate

242
Q

what holds the liver in place?

A

falciform ligament (attaches to the diaphragm

243
Q

what is the liver composed of

A

heptatic lobules containing hepatocytes

244
Q

what are the spaces inside the liver called?

A

sinusoids

245
Q

How does blood flow into the sinusoids?

A

blood vessels

246
Q

The sinusoids are lined with

A

kupffer cells

247
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

phagocytic cells that destroy old RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, viruses and toxic materials

248
Q

what are the main functions of the liver?

A

carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
production of bile

249
Q

what are some minor functions of the liver

A

detoxification
storage
protection
synthesis

250
Q

what is carbohydrate metabolism of the liver?

A

maintains the normal blood glucose level with help of glucagon and insulin

251
Q

The liver is the main site of

A

glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

252
Q

what is lipid metabolism of the liver?

A

storage of triglycerides and production of cholesterol

253
Q

what is protein metabolism of the liver?

A

converts ammonia into urea which is excreted by the kidneys

254
Q

without the liver a person would

A

die in a few days because of ammonia poisoning

255
Q

what is bile?

A

a greenish-brown substance that contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol and fats

256
Q

bile is produced by

A

the liver

257
Q

bile is stored in the

A

gallbladder

258
Q

what is the function of bile?

A

emulsifies fats when released into the duodenum. allows bilirubin to pass out of the body, neutralizes pH in the deuodenum along w/pancreatic juices

259
Q

what gives feces its brownish color?

A

bile

260
Q

a large portion of bile is reabsorbed in

A

the small intestine

261
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

waste product of hemoglobin from old red blood cells

262
Q

what is detoxification of the liver?

A

removal of some drugs and alcohol from the liver

263
Q

what is stored in the liver?

A

glycogen, vitamins, minerals and iron

264
Q

what is the protective function of the liver?

A

phagocytosis by kupffer cells

265
Q

what do kupffer cells phagocytize in the liver?

A

old RBCc and WBCs

266
Q

what does the liver synthesize?

A

albumin, heparin and clotting factors are all made in the liver

267
Q

albumin attracts

A

water

268
Q

what is jaundice?

A

yellowing of the skin and eyes

269
Q

what is the cause of the yellowing of the eyes?

A

a buildup of bilirubin

270
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

widespread destruction of the liver cells by viral infections, drugs and alcohol

271
Q

with cirrhosis, what happens to liver cells?

A

they die and aren’t reproduced as fast as scar tissue does

272
Q

what is hepatitis?

A

inflammation of the liver. five different types

273
Q

what is hepatitis A?

A

fecal oral transmission, vaccines available and usually does not turn into cirrhosis

274
Q

what is hepatitis B?

A

transmitted by bodily fluids. most common of hep viruses

vaccine available

275
Q

what is hepatitis C?

A

transmitted through bodily fluids. healthcare workers at most risk

276
Q

what is the treatment for hepatitis c

A

prednisone and interferon

277
Q

what is the gallbladder?

A

sac-like structure that is under the inferior surface of the liver

278
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile

279
Q

what are gallstones?

A

bile becomes so concentrated that it crystallizes and blocks the ducts of the gallbladder

280
Q

what causes gallstones?

A

cholesterol precipitation

281
Q

what is the treatment for gallstones?

A

surgery
medication
sound waves

282
Q

The liver has hepatic ducts that combine to form

A

common hepatic duct

283
Q

the common hepatic duct combines with the gallbladders cystic becoming the

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

284
Q

the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum through an opening called

A

major duodenal papilla

285
Q

the _____ opens allowing contents to enter the duodenum

A

sphincter of oddi

286
Q

the accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum through the

A

minor duodenal papilla

287
Q

what is the stimulus to empty the gallbladder?

A

chloecystokinen

288
Q

When no digestion is occuriing, the major duodenal ampula is closed and the released bile backs up into

A

the cystic duct into the gallbladder where it is stored

289
Q

the major stimulus for contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the ampulla is

A

chloecistokinen

290
Q

what is chloecistokinen?

A

intestinal hormone released when fatty chime enters the duodenum

291
Q

The small intestine is the major site for

A

absorption and digestion

292
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejenum
ileum

293
Q

what is the largest portion of the small intestine?

A

ileum

294
Q

the ileum contains lymphatic tissue called

A

peyers patch

295
Q

where in the ileum is the peyers patch found?

A

submucosa

296
Q

the ileum joins the small intestine at the

A

ileocecal valve

297
Q

what is total transit time for the small intestine?

A

3-5 hours

298
Q

where does 90% of absorption occur?

A

small intestine

299
Q

why is the small intestine well suited for absorption?

A

increased surface area

300
Q

what are plicae circularis?

A

large folds found in the walls of the small intestine similar to rugae of the tongue

301
Q

the surface of the small intestine is lined with

A

villi

302
Q

what are villi?

A

finger-like projections that extend into the lumen

303
Q

what is the function of villi?

A

to increase surface area

304
Q

On the surface of the small intestine lumen there are

A

microvilli

305
Q

Microvilli are referred to as

A

the brush border

306
Q

what mechanical digestion occurs in the small intestine?

A

segmentation

peristalsis

307
Q

what is segmentation?

A

localized contractions that mix the chime with the digestive juice

308
Q

what chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine

A

the brush border enzymes

309
Q

what are the brush border enzymes>

A

disaccharidases

peptidases

310
Q

what are disaccaridases responsible for?

A

finishing the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

311
Q

what are some examples of disaccharidases?

A

maltase
lactase
sucrase

312
Q

what is lactose intolerance?

A

individual fails to produce lactase and cannot digest lactose

313
Q

what are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A 
gas 
cramping
diarrhea
pain
fluid retention
314
Q

what are peptidases?

A

enzymes that finish the digestion of proteins down into amino acids

315
Q

carbohydrates are absorbed as

A

monosacharides

316
Q

how are carbohydrates absorbed?

A

enter the free end of the epithelial cells, pass through the cytoplasm, pass into a blood capillary and finally enter the hepatic portal vein. From there, they go to the liver and then to the rest of the body

317
Q

proteins are absorbed as:

A

amino acids

318
Q

how are proteins absorbed>

A

they follow the same routes as carbohydrates

319
Q

nucleic acids are absorbed as

A

nucleotides

320
Q

how are nucleic acids absorbed?

A

the same path as proteins and carbohydrates

321
Q

lipids are absorbed as

A

fatty acids

322
Q

how are lipids absorbed?

A

fatty acids diffuse from the lumen of the small intestine into the free end of the epithelial cells, go through the basal side and finally pass into a lacteal of the villus

323
Q

what is a lacteal?

A

a vessel of the lymphatic system that absorbs fat

324
Q

from the lacteal, what happens to the fat?

A

becomes part of the lymph and will finally pass into the bloodstream.

325
Q

Fat does not go through the

A

hepatic portal vein

326
Q

most water reabsorption happens in the

A

small intestine

327
Q

how much water enters the small intestine daily?

A

9 liters

328
Q

where does most of the water that enters the small intestine come from?

A

GI secretions

329
Q

after passing through the small intestine, chime is ready to go through the

A

ileococal sphincter into the large intestine

330
Q

does ingestion occur in the small intestine?

A

no

331
Q

does secretion occur in the small intestine?

A

mucus and digestive enzymes

332
Q

does motility occur in the small intestine?

A

peristalsis and segmentation

333
Q

does mechanical digestion occur in the small intestine

A

peristalsis and segmentation

334
Q

does chemical digestion occur in the small intestine?>

A

disaccharidases and peptidase

335
Q

does absortion occur in the small intestine?

A

YES

336
Q

Does elimination occur in the small intestine?

A

no

337
Q

what is the transit time of the large intestine?

A

the longest at 18-24 hours

338
Q

externally, what gives the large intestine its segmentated appearance?

A

haustra

339
Q

what are haustra?

A

series of pouches

340
Q

what are the different sections of the large intestine?

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal

A&P2 (12 decks)

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