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A&P2 > Lecture Test One Part Two > Flashcards

Lecture Test One Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine?

A

cecum

Colon

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2
Q

What is the cecum?

A

a blind pouchright after the ileocecal valve

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3
Q

What is attached to the cecum?

A

vermiform appendix

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4
Q

How long is the cecum?

A

2.5 inches

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of appendicitis?q

A

pain, nausea, vomitting and fever

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6
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the colon?

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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7
Q

What is the teniae coli?

A

bands of longitudal muscle fibers

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8
Q

What is significant of the tunica muscularis of the colon?

A

it is not complete

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9
Q

What are haustra?

A

individual pouches

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10
Q

What is the rectum?

A

a straight muscular tube

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11
Q

what is significant of the tunica muscularis of the rectum?

A

It is thicker than other parts of the digestive tract

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12
Q

what is significant of the tunica muscularis of the anal canal?

A

It is even thicker than the muscularis of the rectum

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13
Q

The internal sphincter of the anal canal is

A

snvoluntary smooth muscle

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14
Q

The external sphincter of the anal canal is

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Children should not be expected to have control over bowels movement until 1 year of age because

A

the external sphincter takes time to develop

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16
Q

what are hemorrhoids?

A

veins of the anal canal become enlargedand inflammed and can burst

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17
Q

who is most likely to be affected by hemorrhoids?

A

pregnant people and those who are often constipated

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18
Q

What mechanical digestion is found in the large intestine?

A

haustral churning

peristalsis

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19
Q

what is haustral churning?

A

haustra remain relaxed as the chyme fills them up. When distended the walls contract and fill the next haustrum

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20
Q

What is significant of peristalsis of the large intestine?

A

they are called mass movements

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21
Q

what are mass movements?

A

strong contractions occurring over a large portion of the colon

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22
Q

what is an example of a mass movement?

A

gastrocolic reflex

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23
Q

what is a gastrocolic reflex?

A

forceful contractions that begin in the middle of the transverse colon and pushes chyme into the rectum

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24
Q

What causes secretions in the large intestine?

A

bacteria

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25
Q

The bacteria in the large intestine will breakdown any remaining

A

proteins into amino acids

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26
Q

What causes the odor of feces?

A

further breakdown of amino acids into indoles and skatoles

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27
Q

bacteria of the small intestine will ferment some ______ into gases causing flatulence

A

carbohydrates

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28
Q

What does a person gain from E Coli?

A

some b vitamins bust mostly vitamin K

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29
Q

What is vitamin K important for?

A

blood clotting

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30
Q

Newborns are not born with E. Coli in the digestive tract so they

A

receive injections

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31
Q

How long do bacterial populations take to populate?

A

1 week

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32
Q

What absorption occurs in the large intestine?

A

mostly water

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33
Q

Chyme remains in the large intestine for how long?

A

18-24 hours

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34
Q

Why are feces solid?

A

because water is absorbed back into the body

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35
Q

What do feces consist of?

A 
water
salts
epithelial cells from GI tract
bacteria
fiber
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36
Q

Peristalsis moves fecal matter into the rectum where

A

there is distention of the walls and therefore stimulation of the stretch receptors. The impulse travels to the brain and the person has the urge to defecate

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37
Q

Does ingestion occur in the large intestine?

A

no

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38
Q

does secretion occur in the large intestine?

A

yes

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39
Q

Does motility occur in the large intestine?

A

yes

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40
Q

Does elimination occur in the large intestine?

A

yes, feces

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41
Q

What chemical digestion occurs in the large intestine?

A

E.Coli

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42
Q

The primary function of the urinary system is to

A

maintain homeostasis

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43
Q

how does the urinary system maintain homeostasis?

A 
controls volume, pH and concentration of blood
regulates RBC production
getting rid of waste
regulating blood pressure
Vitamin D synthesis
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44
Q

what does vitamin D synthesis do?

A

helps regulate calcium levels

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45
Q

what are the organs of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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46
Q

Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?

A

the liver

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47
Q

How much kidney is needed to maintain homeostasis?

A

1/3

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48
Q

What do kidneys look like?

A

reddish brown, size of a clenched fist

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49
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

either side of the spinal column in retroperitoneal position

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50
Q

what are the three layers of the kidney?

A

renal fascia
adipose capsule
renal capsule

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51
Q

what is the outside region of the kidney called?

A

cortex

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52
Q

what is nephrotosis?

A

floating kidney, the kidney drops down

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53
Q

why does nephrotosis occur?

A

very thin people with little adipose

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54
Q

what does nephrotosis cause?

A

a kink in the ureter which blocks urine flow

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55
Q

what is the outer layer of th ekidney called?

A

medulla

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56
Q

the medulla contains

A

pyramids

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57
Q

the pyramids contain

A

papillae

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58
Q

the papillae extend into

A

major calices

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59
Q

the major calyces join to form a

A

renal pelvis

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60
Q

the pelvis narrows to exit the

A

hilum as the ureter

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61
Q

what is a nephron?

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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62
Q

how many nephrons are in one kidney?

A

1.3 million

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63
Q

what are the 2 componenets of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

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64
Q

the renal tubule consists of

A

a proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
collecting duct

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65
Q

the number of nephrons at birth

A

are constant, they will not be replaced

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66
Q

existing nephrons are often able to

A

increase their filtration to make up for loss of nephrons

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67
Q

Urine is

A

the fluid that is produced by the kidneys that contains waste or excess materials

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68
Q

what are the three processes of the nephron that form urine?

A

glomular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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69
Q

Where does glomerular filtration occur?

A

renal corpuscle

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70
Q

What composed the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

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71
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A tuft of capillaries which is closely associated with Bowman’s capsule

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72
Q

Bowman’s capsule is indented to form

A

a double layered chamber

73
Q

The outer wall of Bowman’s capsule is called the

A

parietal layer

74
Q

the inner portion of Bowman’s capsule is called the

A

visceral layer

75
Q

The visceral layer is composed of

A

podocyte cells

76
Q

Podocyte cells wrap around

A

glomerular capillaries

77
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate?

A

the amount of filtrate produced each minute

78
Q

How does blood enter the glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

79
Q

what is an afferent arteriole?

A

small blood vessel

80
Q

During glomerular filtration, blood forces some water and dissolved solutes from the blood through the pores of

A

the capillaries and through the filtration slits of Bowman’s capsule

81
Q

What is filtrate?

A

what urine derives from

82
Q

what does filtrate consist of?

A

wastes plus solutes that are valuable and need to be returned to the body

83
Q

blood gets taken away from the glomerulus by way of

A

the efferent arteriole

84
Q

The formation of filtrate depends upon

A

filtration pressure being high enough

85
Q

To help in pressure formation, the efferent arteriole has a _____________ than the afferent arteriole

A

smaller lumen

86
Q

what is tubular reabsorption?

A

movement of certain substances from the filtrate back into the blood.

87
Q

why does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

the anatomical placement of blood vessels. peritubular vessels close to the nephron

88
Q

99% of the components of the filtrate during tubular reabsorption

A

are released back into the blood

89
Q

what are the components of the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?

A

water, glucose, amino acids and some ions

90
Q

What is the major site of tubular reabsorption?

A

PCT

91
Q

What are the four transport methods used in tubular reabsorption?

A

active transport
secondary active transport
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

92
Q

During tubular reabsorption, where sodium goes,

A

water follows

93
Q

During tubular reabsorption, no ___________ are involved

A

hormones

94
Q

what substances are reabsorbed into the blood by the PCT

A 
sodium 
potassium
chloride
glucose
amino acids
95
Q

When sodium ions are transported back into the blood,

A

water follows decreasing the volume of filtrate and increasing the volume of blood

96
Q

what is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

the body has no control how much water is absorbed in the PCT–no hormonal regulation

97
Q

The PCT is always

A

permeable to water

98
Q

Potassium, chloride and urea will leave the PCT by

A

facilitated diffusion

99
Q

glucose molecules will enter the PCT by

A

cotransport

100
Q

glucose molecules will leave the PCT by

A

facilitated diffusion

101
Q

Why is there a maximum amount of glucose that can be transported in a given amount of time?

A

Because there is a specific amount of transporters in the membrane of the PCT

102
Q

If there is a large amount of glucose in the urine,

A

it will exceed the amount of transporters and glucose remains in the filtrate.

103
Q

How do you test for diabetes mellitus?

A

urine sample. Before lab tests, people had to taste it

104
Q

During tubular reabsorption, most amino acids are reabsorbed by

A

facilitated diffusion

105
Q

What is the Loop of Henle?

A

The secondary site for tubular reabsorption

106
Q

What is the final result of tubular reabsorption?

A

movement of water from the nephron into the blood

107
Q

The loop of henle dips into

A

the medulla of the kidney

108
Q

the concentration of solutes around the loop of henles in the interstitial fluid is

A

very high

109
Q

the hypertonic environment of the loop of henle results in

A

more water leaving the loop and returning to the blood decreasing the volume of the filtrate

110
Q

what are the vasa recta?

A

blood vessels arounf the loop of henle that receive the water during tubular reabsoortion

111
Q

what are the two regions of the loop of henle?

A

ascending

descending

112
Q

why does reabsorption occur in the descending region?

A

because the ascending region is impermeable to water

113
Q

After leaving the Loop of Henle, the filtrate continues to the

A

Distal convoluted tubule and finally to the collecting duct. where more water absorption will occur

114
Q

Reabsorption in the DCT will be under control by

A

antidiuretic hormone

aldesterone

115
Q

A diuretic is something that will increase

A

the amount of urine

116
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

they increase the amount of water that leaves the filtrate causing more urine to be produced.

117
Q

What are some natural diuretics?

A

caffeine

alcohol

118
Q

What is ADH?

A

a hormone that decreases the amount of urine

119
Q

How does ADH work?

A

increases the permeability of the membranes of the DCT and collecting duct leading to more water being absoprbed into the blood

120
Q

ADH is produced by

A

the hypothalamus

121
Q

ADH is released by

A

the posterior pituitary gland

122
Q

What is the stimulus for release of ADH

A

hypotension

123
Q

What is the target organ of ADH?

A

kidneys

124
Q

What is the result of the release of ADH?

A

increases the permeability of water causing less urine to be produced

125
Q

what is the pathway for ADH?

A

ADH travels through the blood and to the kidneys. Increases permeability of DCT and CD to water. Increases H20 reabsorption into the blood. Increases amount of water in blood. Increases blood pressure

126
Q

The pathway of ADH is an example of

A

falcutative water reabsorption

127
Q

What is falcutative water reabsorption?

A

Permeability of membranes of DCT and CD to water will change according to the body’s need

128
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

hyposecretion of ADH

129
Q

what are symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

massive amount of uriniation leading to dehydration and thirst

130
Q

Is diabetes insipidus life threatening?

A

yes

131
Q

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?

A

exogenous ADH

132
Q

Exogeneous is also helpful with

A

children bedwetting

133
Q

How is exogeneous ADH given

A

nose spray

134
Q

How does alcohol have an effect on urination?

A

suppresses the release of ADH and leads to frequent urination

135
Q

what is renin-angiotension-aldosterone?

A

hormonal reaction that is stimulated by hypotension

136
Q

what is the outcome of renin-angiotension-aldosterone?

A

increases the amount of H20 that is reabsorbed in the DCT and CD and increases blood volume

137
Q

what is atrial naturiuretic hormone?

A

hormone that prevents sodium reabsorption in the kidney tubules and inhibit ADH secretion

138
Q

who secretes atrial naturiuretic hormone?

A

cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium of the heart

139
Q

what is the result of the release of atrial naturiuretic hormone?

A

more sodium and water are excreted with a decrease in blood volume and an increase in urine volume.

140
Q

what is the pathway to aldosterone secretion?

A 
Renin
Angiotensiongen
angiotension 1
angiotension 2
ADH
aldosterone
141
Q

what is tubular secretion?

A

removal of materials not needed by the body

142
Q

what is one of the most important substances secreted during tubular secretion?

A

hydrogen

143
Q

why is hydrogen secretion important?

A

hydrogen affects pH of the blood

144
Q

the higher the concentration of Hydrogen,

A

the lower the pH of the blood

145
Q

The secretion of hydrogen occurs into

A

the renal tubules, primarily the PCT and DCT

146
Q

Tubular secretion is classified as

A

countertransport

147
Q

Once tubular secretion occurs,

A

urine is formed

148
Q

what is the main concern with ureters?

A

kidney stones

149
Q

how does urine pass through the ureters?

A

peristalsis and gravity

150
Q

from the ureters, urine moves to the

A

urinary bladder

151
Q

what is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

to store urine until micturation

152
Q

what is micturition?

A

urination

153
Q

what is the urinary bladder?

A

hollow organ with stratified transitional epithelium for stretching

154
Q

what is a trigone?

A

a smooth triangular region of the urinary bladder

155
Q

what forms the trigone?

A

openings of the two ureters and the urethra

156
Q

when there is a small amount of urine in the bladder, the walls

A

are in folds called rugae

157
Q

when the bladder is full, it is

A

pear-shaped and the rugae are stretched

158
Q

what is incontinence?

A

loss of control of urination

159
Q

urine is stored in the urinary bladder until

A

micturition is convenient

160
Q

the awareness to urinate is stimulated by

A

the fullness of the bladder and stimulus of stretch receptors in the bladder walls

161
Q

Stretch receptors send

A

an impulse to the brain and the person becomes aware of the need.

162
Q

what is the urethra?

A

tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior.

163
Q

In males, the urethra is

A

longer and is also used for transportation of sperm

164
Q

when a person has insufficient numbers of nephrons to maintain homeostasis

A

renal failure occurs

165
Q

what is the treatment for renal failure?

A

dialysis

166
Q

what is dialysis?

A

Cleansing the body of waste products

167
Q

what are the two types of dialysises?

A

hemodialysis

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

168
Q

what is hemodialysis?

A

artificial kidney machine filters blood through selectively permeable tubing. Waste products diffuse from the blood into the solution that surrounds the tube.

169
Q

how many times do you use hemodialysis?

A

2-3 times per week

170
Q

what must you have for hemodialysis?

A

a concentration gradient

171
Q

what is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?

A

sterile dialysis solution is inserted into the cavity through a tube that has been surgically placed.

172
Q

what does renal failure ultimately affect?

A

erythropoietin is gone affecting RBC production

173
Q

what is ketoacidosis?

A

condition that occurs in people with diabetes mellitus that causes increased acidity in the blood

174
Q

what are the symptoms of ketoacidosis?

A

fruity breath

rapid breathing

175
Q

what compartment hold the most fluid?

A

intracellular fluid compartment

176
Q

what are ulcers?

A

deep erosions of the lining of the stomach mucosa

177
Q

what is the main cause of ulcers?

A

NSAIDs like aspirin and bacterial infections

178
Q

what is a complication of ulcers?

A

perforation

A&P2 (12 decks)

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