Lecture Test One Part Two Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two parts of the small intestine?
A
cecum
Colon
2
Q
What is the cecum?
A
a blind pouchright after the ileocecal valve
3
Q
What is attached to the cecum?
A
vermiform appendix
4
Q
How long is the cecum?
A
2.5 inches
5
Q
What are the symptoms of appendicitis?q
A
pain, nausea, vomitting and fever
6
Q
What are the 4 subdivisions of the colon?
A
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
7
Q
What is the teniae coli?
A
bands of longitudal muscle fibers
8
Q
What is significant of the tunica muscularis of the colon?
A
it is not complete
9
Q
What are haustra?
A
individual pouches
10
Q
What is the rectum?
A
a straight muscular tube
11
Q
what is significant of the tunica muscularis of the rectum?
A
It is thicker than other parts of the digestive tract
12
Q
what is significant of the tunica muscularis of the anal canal?
A
It is even thicker than the muscularis of the rectum
13
Q
The internal sphincter of the anal canal is
A
snvoluntary smooth muscle
14
Q
The external sphincter of the anal canal is
A
voluntary skeletal muscle
15
Q
Children should not be expected to have control over bowels movement until 1 year of age because
A
the external sphincter takes time to develop
16
Q
what are hemorrhoids?
A
veins of the anal canal become enlargedand inflammed and can burst
17
Q
who is most likely to be affected by hemorrhoids?
A
pregnant people and those who are often constipated
18
Q
What mechanical digestion is found in the large intestine?
A
haustral churning
peristalsis
19
Q
what is haustral churning?
A
haustra remain relaxed as the chyme fills them up. When distended the walls contract and fill the next haustrum
20
Q
What is significant of peristalsis of the large intestine?
A
they are called mass movements
21
Q
what are mass movements?
A
strong contractions occurring over a large portion of the colon
22
Q
what is an example of a mass movement?
A
gastrocolic reflex
23
Q
what is a gastrocolic reflex?
A
forceful contractions that begin in the middle of the transverse colon and pushes chyme into the rectum
24
Q
What causes secretions in the large intestine?
A
bacteria
25
The bacteria in the large intestine will breakdown any remaining
proteins into amino acids
26
What causes the odor of feces?
further breakdown of amino acids into indoles and skatoles
27
bacteria of the small intestine will ferment some ______ into gases causing flatulence
carbohydrates
28
What does a person gain from E Coli?
some b vitamins bust mostly vitamin K
29
What is vitamin K important for?
blood clotting
30
Newborns are not born with E. Coli in the digestive tract so they
receive injections
31
How long do bacterial populations take to populate?
1 week
32
What absorption occurs in the large intestine?
mostly water
33
Chyme remains in the large intestine for how long?
18-24 hours
34
Why are feces solid?
because water is absorbed back into the body
35
What do feces consist of?
```
water
salts
epithelial cells from GI tract
bacteria
fiber
```
36
Peristalsis moves fecal matter into the rectum where
there is distention of the walls and therefore stimulation of the stretch receptors. The impulse travels to the brain and the person has the urge to defecate
37
Does ingestion occur in the large intestine?
no
38
does secretion occur in the large intestine?
yes
39
Does motility occur in the large intestine?
yes
40
Does elimination occur in the large intestine?
yes, feces
41
What chemical digestion occurs in the large intestine?
E.Coli
42
The primary function of the urinary system is to
maintain homeostasis
43
how does the urinary system maintain homeostasis?
```
controls volume, pH and concentration of blood
regulates RBC production
getting rid of waste
regulating blood pressure
Vitamin D synthesis
```
44
what does vitamin D synthesis do?
helps regulate calcium levels
45
what are the organs of the urinary system?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
46
Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?
the liver
47
How much kidney is needed to maintain homeostasis?
1/3
48
What do kidneys look like?
reddish brown, size of a clenched fist
49
where are the kidneys located?
either side of the spinal column in retroperitoneal position
50
what are the three layers of the kidney?
renal fascia
adipose capsule
renal capsule
51
what is the outside region of the kidney called?
cortex
52
what is nephrotosis?
floating kidney, the kidney drops down
53
why does nephrotosis occur?
very thin people with little adipose
54
what does nephrotosis cause?
a kink in the ureter which blocks urine flow
55
what is the outer layer of th ekidney called?
medulla
56
the medulla contains
pyramids
57
the pyramids contain
papillae
58
the papillae extend into
major calices
59
the major calyces join to form a
renal pelvis
60
the pelvis narrows to exit the
hilum as the ureter
61
what is a nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney
62
how many nephrons are in one kidney?
1.3 million
63
what are the 2 componenets of the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus
| Bowman's capsule
64
the renal tubule consists of
a proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
collecting duct
65
the number of nephrons at birth
are constant, they will not be replaced
66
existing nephrons are often able to
increase their filtration to make up for loss of nephrons
67
Urine is
the fluid that is produced by the kidneys that contains waste or excess materials
68
what are the three processes of the nephron that form urine?
glomular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
69
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
renal corpuscle
70
What composed the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule
71
What is the glomerulus?
A tuft of capillaries which is closely associated with Bowman's capsule
72
Bowman's capsule is indented to form
a double layered chamber
73
The outer wall of Bowman's capsule is called the
parietal layer
74
the inner portion of Bowman's capsule is called the
visceral layer
75
The visceral layer is composed of
podocyte cells
76
Podocyte cells wrap around
glomerular capillaries
77
what is glomerular filtration rate?
the amount of filtrate produced each minute
78
How does blood enter the glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
79
what is an afferent arteriole?
small blood vessel
80
During glomerular filtration, blood forces some water and dissolved solutes from the blood through the pores of
the capillaries and through the filtration slits of Bowman's capsule
81
What is filtrate?
what urine derives from
82
what does filtrate consist of?
wastes plus solutes that are valuable and need to be returned to the body
83
blood gets taken away from the glomerulus by way of
the efferent arteriole
84
The formation of filtrate depends upon
filtration pressure being high enough
85
To help in pressure formation, the efferent arteriole has a _____________ than the afferent arteriole
smaller lumen
86
what is tubular reabsorption?
movement of certain substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
87
why does tubular reabsorption occur?
the anatomical placement of blood vessels. peritubular vessels close to the nephron
88
99% of the components of the filtrate during tubular reabsorption
are released back into the blood
89
what are the components of the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?
water, glucose, amino acids and some ions
90
What is the major site of tubular reabsorption?
PCT
91
What are the four transport methods used in tubular reabsorption?
active transport
secondary active transport
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
92
During tubular reabsorption, where sodium goes,
water follows
93
During tubular reabsorption, no ___________ are involved
hormones
94
what substances are reabsorbed into the blood by the PCT
```
sodium
potassium
chloride
glucose
amino acids
```
95
When sodium ions are transported back into the blood,
water follows decreasing the volume of filtrate and increasing the volume of blood
96
what is obligatory water reabsorption?
the body has no control how much water is absorbed in the PCT--no hormonal regulation
97
The PCT is always
permeable to water
98
Potassium, chloride and urea will leave the PCT by
facilitated diffusion
99
glucose molecules will enter the PCT by
cotransport
100
glucose molecules will leave the PCT by
facilitated diffusion
101
Why is there a maximum amount of glucose that can be transported in a given amount of time?
Because there is a specific amount of transporters in the membrane of the PCT
102
If there is a large amount of glucose in the urine,
it will exceed the amount of transporters and glucose remains in the filtrate.
103
How do you test for diabetes mellitus?
urine sample. Before lab tests, people had to taste it
104
During tubular reabsorption, most amino acids are reabsorbed by
facilitated diffusion
105
What is the Loop of Henle?
The secondary site for tubular reabsorption
106
What is the final result of tubular reabsorption?
movement of water from the nephron into the blood
107
The loop of henle dips into
the medulla of the kidney
108
the concentration of solutes around the loop of henles in the interstitial fluid is
very high
109
the hypertonic environment of the loop of henle results in
more water leaving the loop and returning to the blood decreasing the volume of the filtrate
110
what are the vasa recta?
blood vessels arounf the loop of henle that receive the water during tubular reabsoortion
111
what are the two regions of the loop of henle?
ascending
| descending
112
why does reabsorption occur in the descending region?
because the ascending region is impermeable to water
113
After leaving the Loop of Henle, the filtrate continues to the
Distal convoluted tubule and finally to the collecting duct. where more water absorption will occur
114
Reabsorption in the DCT will be under control by
antidiuretic hormone
| aldesterone
115
A diuretic is something that will increase
the amount of urine
116
How do diuretics work?
they increase the amount of water that leaves the filtrate causing more urine to be produced.
117
What are some natural diuretics?
caffeine
| alcohol
118
What is ADH?
a hormone that decreases the amount of urine
119
How does ADH work?
increases the permeability of the membranes of the DCT and collecting duct leading to more water being absoprbed into the blood
120
ADH is produced by
the hypothalamus
121
ADH is released by
the posterior pituitary gland
122
What is the stimulus for release of ADH
hypotension
123
What is the target organ of ADH?
kidneys
124
What is the result of the release of ADH?
increases the permeability of water causing less urine to be produced
125
what is the pathway for ADH?
ADH travels through the blood and to the kidneys. Increases permeability of DCT and CD to water. Increases H20 reabsorption into the blood. Increases amount of water in blood. Increases blood pressure
126
The pathway of ADH is an example of
falcutative water reabsorption
127
What is falcutative water reabsorption?
Permeability of membranes of DCT and CD to water will change according to the body's need
128
what is diabetes insipidus?
hyposecretion of ADH
129
what are symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
massive amount of uriniation leading to dehydration and thirst
130
Is diabetes insipidus life threatening?
yes
131
What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?
exogenous ADH
132
Exogeneous is also helpful with
children bedwetting
133
How is exogeneous ADH given
nose spray
134
How does alcohol have an effect on urination?
suppresses the release of ADH and leads to frequent urination
135
what is renin-angiotension-aldosterone?
hormonal reaction that is stimulated by hypotension
136
what is the outcome of renin-angiotension-aldosterone?
increases the amount of H20 that is reabsorbed in the DCT and CD and increases blood volume
137
what is atrial naturiuretic hormone?
hormone that prevents sodium reabsorption in the kidney tubules and inhibit ADH secretion
138
who secretes atrial naturiuretic hormone?
cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium of the heart
139
what is the result of the release of atrial naturiuretic hormone?
more sodium and water are excreted with a decrease in blood volume and an increase in urine volume.
140
what is the pathway to aldosterone secretion?
```
Renin
Angiotensiongen
angiotension 1
angiotension 2
ADH
aldosterone
```
141
what is tubular secretion?
removal of materials not needed by the body
142
what is one of the most important substances secreted during tubular secretion?
hydrogen
143
why is hydrogen secretion important?
hydrogen affects pH of the blood
144
the higher the concentration of Hydrogen,
the lower the pH of the blood
145
The secretion of hydrogen occurs into
the renal tubules, primarily the PCT and DCT
146
Tubular secretion is classified as
countertransport
147
Once tubular secretion occurs,
urine is formed
148
what is the main concern with ureters?
kidney stones
149
how does urine pass through the ureters?
peristalsis and gravity
150
from the ureters, urine moves to the
urinary bladder
151
what is the function of the urinary bladder?
to store urine until micturation
152
what is micturition?
urination
153
what is the urinary bladder?
hollow organ with stratified transitional epithelium for stretching
154
what is a trigone?
a smooth triangular region of the urinary bladder
155
what forms the trigone?
openings of the two ureters and the urethra
156
when there is a small amount of urine in the bladder, the walls
are in folds called rugae
157
when the bladder is full, it is
pear-shaped and the rugae are stretched
158
what is incontinence?
loss of control of urination
159
urine is stored in the urinary bladder until
micturition is convenient
160
the awareness to urinate is stimulated by
the fullness of the bladder and stimulus of stretch receptors in the bladder walls
161
Stretch receptors send
an impulse to the brain and the person becomes aware of the need.
162
what is the urethra?
tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior.
163
In males, the urethra is
longer and is also used for transportation of sperm
164
when a person has insufficient numbers of nephrons to maintain homeostasis
renal failure occurs
165
what is the treatment for renal failure?
dialysis
166
what is dialysis?
Cleansing the body of waste products
167
what are the two types of dialysises?
hemodialysis
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
168
what is hemodialysis?
artificial kidney machine filters blood through selectively permeable tubing. Waste products diffuse from the blood into the solution that surrounds the tube.
169
how many times do you use hemodialysis?
2-3 times per week
170
what must you have for hemodialysis?
a concentration gradient
171
what is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?
sterile dialysis solution is inserted into the cavity through a tube that has been surgically placed.
172
what does renal failure ultimately affect?
erythropoietin is gone affecting RBC production
173
what is ketoacidosis?
condition that occurs in people with diabetes mellitus that causes increased acidity in the blood
174
what are the symptoms of ketoacidosis?
fruity breath
| rapid breathing
175
what compartment hold the most fluid?
intracellular fluid compartment
176
what are ulcers?
deep erosions of the lining of the stomach mucosa
177
what is the main cause of ulcers?
NSAIDs like aspirin and bacterial infections
178
what is a complication of ulcers?
perforation
