Lecture Test 3 Part 1 Flashcards
Blood vessels form a network of tubes that carry blood away from the heart, delivering
oxygen to the tissues through the capillaries and then returning it deoxygenated to the heart
What is the pathway to the cardiovascular system?
heart arteries arterioles metarteriole capillary venules veins heart
A 150 lb person has roughly
60,000 miles of vessels in the body
What is significant of the arteries?
vesssels carry blood away from the heart
blood is usually oxygenated
has a large diameter
has 3 layers of tissue that make up the artery wall
What are the three layers of the artery wall?
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa
what is the tunica intima of an artery?
deepest tunica consisting of endothelium and an internal elastic membrane
what is endothelium?
single layer of epithelial cells lining the heart and vessels
what is the tunica media of an artery?
usually the thickest layer consisting of smooth muscle and in some vessels an external elastic membrane
what is the tunica externa of an artery?
elastic and collagen fibers
Due to the presence of elastic fibers, arteries will
expand during systole and recoil during diastole. A pulse can also be detected
A pulse can be detected in
a superficial artery that lies over a bone or other firm tissue
What are arterioles and metarterioles?
small arteries
connect arteries with capillaries
important in the regulation of flow of blood to the capillaries
what are capillaries composed of?
a single layer of epithelium
where are capillaries found?
throughout the body except the lens, cornea, epithelium and cartilage
What is the size of the lumen of the capillaries?
large enough to allow one RBC to flow per unit of time
What is significant of the size of the lumen of the capillaries?
allows for diffusion of gases in and out of the RBC; decreased velocity
capillaries exist in
capillary beds
When tissue needs are low, blood will
flow only through a small portion of the capillary bed.
When tissue needs are high,
the entire capillary bed is full of blood
Capillaries are the
site of material moving in and out of the circulatory system.
What is the bulk flow in the capillaries?
ions, proteins, other nutrients and water
The bulk flow out of the capillary happens
at the arteriole end
What happens at the venule end of the capillary?
the fluid moves into the capillary from the tissues spaces
In health, majority of the fluid at the arteriole end of the capillary is
reabsorbed at the venule end
Some fluid and proteins that are not reabsorbed at the venule end,
are returned to the blood by the lymphatic system
The __________ forces fluid out of the capillary.
hydrostatic pressure
The __________ helps return fluid back to the vessel.
oncotic pressure
An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid is called
an edema
What is the function of venules?
they drain the capillary beds and take blood to the veins
what is the anatomy of a venule?
similar to a capillary
what is the function of veins?
carries blood (usually deoxygenated) towards the heart
what are the three layers of a vein?
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa
what is the tunica interna of a vein?
endothelium
what is the tunica media of a vein?
smooth muscle (but not as much as in arteries)
what is the tunica externa of a vein?
thickest tunica in veins mainly composed of collagen.
Veins are blood ________
reservoirs. There is a different amount of blood in different vessels throughout the body.
Some popular places for blood to be stored in veins and venules are
the spleen, liver and skin
What is the cardiovascular center?
portion of the medulla oblongata that controls the rate of the heart and the diameter of the lumen of the vessels.
what is vasoconstriction?
when blood vessels diameters decrease
what is vasodilation?
when blood vessels diameter increases
Can vasoconstriction and vasodialation occur at the same time?
yes
what is systemic circulation?
all of the arteries and arterioles that carry oxygenated blood to the organs from the left ventricle and all of the veins and venules that carry deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium after flowing through the organs.
All systemic arteries branch from
the aorta
what is the aortic arch?
the ascending aorta, transverse aorta, and decending aorta
What are the three arteries that branch from the aortic arch?
braciocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
the brachiocephalic artery later branches into the
right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
What is the function of the right common carotid artery?
supplies oxygenated blood tot eh right head and neck
what is the function of the right subclavian artery?
supplies oxygenated blood to the right arm
What is the function of the left common carotid artery?
supplies oxygenated blood to the left head and neck
what is the function of the left subclavian artery?
supplies oxygenated blood to the left arm
The subclavian artery becomes the ________ when it goes through the arm pit area.
axillary artery
Once it passes the arm pit, the axillary artery becomes the
brachial artery when it enters the upper arm.
The brachial artery divides into 2 vessels at the elbow level:
ulnar artery and the radial artery
the ulnar artery goes towards
digit V
the radial artery goes towards
the thumb (digit I)
The descending aorta will continue through
the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
In the thoracic aorta, there will be a number of paired
intercostal arteries running in between the ribs
Along with intercostal arteries, there will be ________ in the thoracic aorta.
esophageal arteries and superior phrenic arteries
what is the function of esophageal arteries?
supplies blood to the esophagus
what is the function of the superior phrenic arteries?
supplies blood to the diaphragm.
The three major unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta are the
cephalic artery
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
what is the function of the cephalic artery?
supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, stomach and spleen
what is the function of the superior mesenteric artery?
brings blood to the pancreas and small intestine
what is the function of the inferior mesenteric artery?
brings blood to the large intestine and rectum
what are two examples of paired arteries of the abdominal aorta?
renal arteries
gonadal arteries
what is the function of the renal arteries?
supplies the kidneys with oxygenated blood
what is the function of the gonadal arteries?
supplies oxygenated blood to the ovaries or testicles
The abdominal aorta will branch at the lumbar region and become the
left and right common iliac arteries
The common iliac artery divides into an
external iliac artery and internal iliac artery
where does the external iliac artery extend into?
the lower leg
what is the function of the internal iliac artery?
supplies blood to the pelvic region
The external iliac artery becomes the
femoral artery in the thigh
when the deep femoral artery branches off it becomes
the popliteal artery when it goes behind the knee
The popliteal artery continues as the
anterior and posterior tibial artery extending down the foot
The anterior and posterior tibial artery becomes the
dorsalis pedis artery
The arteries will become arterioles and finally capillaries where
the oxygen leaves and goes into the tissue and the CO2 enters the blood as a waste product from the tissue. The veins bring this deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What is the longest vein in the body?
great saphenous vein of the leg
what is the function of the Great saphenous vein?
brings blood from the lower leg upwards
Along with the great saphenous vein the other major veins that drain the leg are the
internal and external iliac veins that merge to form the common iliac vein
Each common iliac vein (one from each leg) joins to form the
very large inferior vena cava in the pelvis region
The inferior vena cava ascends towards the heart draining
deoxygenated blood from areas below the heart.
Many vessels found in the pelvic region connect to the inferior vena cava such as
the renal veins from the kidneys and the gonadal veins from the ovaries or testes
The blood supply that went to the digestive organs via unpaired arteries
do not have a connection with the inferior vena cava.
Digestive tract organs send its deoxygenated blood to the
hepatic portal system
the hepatic portal system will join the inferior vena cava via the
hepatic veins
The inferior vena cava goes to the thoracic region and enters the heart at
the right atrium
The rib areas of the thorax are drained by the
intercostal veins that join the azygos vein on the right side and the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein on the left side
The hemiazygos and accessory azygos enter into the azygos vein which eventually
enters into the superior vena cava
The superior vena cava also receives deoxygenated blood from
the arm, head and neck
Who is mostly responsible for draining the arm of deoxygenated blood?
the cephalic, basilica and brachial veins
What connects the cephalic vein to the basillic vein?
median cubital vein
what is significant of the median cubital vein?
Within the cubital fossa, this is where blood samples are taken from
The basilic vein becomes the
axillary vein when the brachial vein attaches
the brachial vein becomes the
subclavian vein when the cephalic vein attaches
The subclavian veins enter the
brachiocephalic veins which enter the superior vena cava
the brachial vein began as the
radial and ulnar veins
The head and neck are drained by the
internal and external jugular veins on either side of the neck
Eventually blood of the internal and external jugular veins enters the
brachiocephalic vein and ultimately the superior vena cava which drains into the right atrium
Blood returning to the heart will be pumped out of
the right ventricle to the lungs where it takes on oxygen. It will then be pumped to the left side of the heart and ready to be part of the systemic circulation again
what is coronary circulation?
circulation of oxygenated blood from coronary arteries through the capillaries into the coronary veins and finally into the coronary sinus
Circulation in the fetus is different than in the adult because
the lungs are not functional
The fetus derives its oxygen and nutrients from
maternal blood and eliminates wastes into maternal blood by diffusion
The exchange of blood and wastes from fetus to mother occurs through the
placenta
what is the placenta?
a transient organ that occurs from fetal and maternal tissue and exists only in pregnancy
From the placenta, oxygenated blood flows through
the umbilical vein to the ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava.
The inferior vena cava takes the oxygenated blood
into the right atrium of the heart.
What is the purpose of the ductus venosus?
to bypass the lungs
What is the first of the three pathways that blood flows in the fetal heart simultaneously?
right atrium foramen ovale left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aorta
What is the second pathway that blood flows in the fetal heart?
right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aorta
what is the third pathway for blood flow through the fetal heart?
right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary trunk ductus arteriosus aorta
When the blood arrives in the aorta from the 3 pathways, it flows into
systemic circulation and eventually into the 2 umbilical arteries off the internal iliac artery and then back to the placenta for CO2 to diffuse into the maternal blood to pick up more oxygen,
The maternal and fetal circulatory systems do not physically join but
exchange materials through diffusion.
After the first breath, the following happens:
- Ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum.
- Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum
- Foramen ovale becomes fossa ovalis
- Umbilical vein becomes round ligament
- Umbilical arteries become cords of umbilical arteries
What is blood pressure?
the pressure that is exerted by the blood as it presses on arterial walls during ventricular systole and diastole
What is the systolic number?
measurement of pressure in vessels when left ventricle is contracting during systole
What is the diastolic number?
measurement of pressure in vessels when the left ventricle is relaxing during diastole
What is the top number of your blood pressure?
systolic arterial pressure
what is the bottom number of your blood pressure?
diastolic arterial pressure
What is a normal blood pressure of a young adult?
120/80
What is a person’s pulse pressure?
systolic minus diastolic
What maintains blood pressure?
the nervous system and the endocrine system
How does the nervous system maintain blood pressure?
by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
How does the endocrine system maintain blood pressure?
epinephrine/noepinepherine
ADH/Aldosterone
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure
What is orthostatic hypotension?
momentary lapse that occurs when you stand up quickly and feel light headed
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure. Normally occurs when a person is physically or emotionally stressed
What is persistent hypertension?
a constant high blood pressure that slowly strains the heart and vessels. Called the silent killer
Hypertension causes damage to the endothelial layer of the vessels leading to
atherosclerosis and finally arteriosclerosis.
Hypertension is more prevalent in
African Americans, males, smokers, people with poor diet, the obese and those with diabetes
what is an aneurysm?
localized dilation to an artery. Normally found in the brain or aorta
what are varicose veins?
veins that have dilated and have become visible. Clots can become a problem
what is atherosclerosis?
fatty deposits forming within the vessel wall and sometimes bulging into the lumen. This causes a decrease in the size of the lumen and due to the roughening of the endothelium, a blood clot can form.
what is arteriosclerosis?
end product of atherosclerosis. Vessels are hardened due to plaque deposits and they lose their elasticity
what is circulatory shock?
failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen to tissues.
What is the result if shock persists?
cells and organs are damaged and/or die
what are the symptoms of shock?
pale, cold, fast HR, weak pulse, capillary refill time (CRT)
what is hemorrhagic shock?
external or internal bleeding causes a decrease in blood volume and pressure
what is plasma loss shock?
loss of plasma to the interstitial spaces resulting in a decrease in blood volume and an increase in viscosity.
what causes plasma loss shock?
burns to the skin
what is dehydration shock?
dehydration causes loss of large amount of water and electrolyte portion of the blood.
what is anesthesia shock?
decreased activity of the medulla can lead to depression of the cardiovascular center
what is anaphylactic shock?
allergic reaction. Extreme vasodilation
what is septic shock?
infection of the blood
what is neurogenic shock?
head injuries including concussion due to injury of the medulla
What is hypovolemia?
loss of blood volume
what types of shock cause hypovolemia?
hemorrhagic
plasma loss
dehydration
what types of shock cause extreme vasodilation?
anesthesia
anaphylactic
septic
neurogenic
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
fluid balance
lipid absorption/transport
defense
what are the three major components of the lymphatic system?
cells
system of lymphatic vessels
various lymphoid tissues and organs
what types of cells are important to the lymphatic system?
white blood cells
what is the system of lymphatic vessels?
vessels responsible for transporting interstitial fluid and escaped proteins back to the blood from capillary beds and transporting dietary fat from lacteals as well as bringing pathogens to specialized cells and stimulating the body’s defense system
what are the various lymphoid tissues and organs?
structures that house lymphocytes which are important to resistance of disease
what are lymphatic cells?
lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
Lymphatic vessels will form a one way system on which
the lymph flows only towards the heart,
Materials only ______ the lymphatics. Nothing should ever ______.
enter
leave
This transport system begins as
blind-ended lymph capillaries
Where are lymph capillaries found?
in between cells in the interstitial spaces of the body
As the interstitial fluid from the arteriole side of the capillary collects, most will be
returned to the blood on the venule side in bulk flow.
Some fluid will not be returned to the blood and will enter
the lymphatic capillaries
Once interstitial fluid enters the capillaries, it is called
lymph
Lymph capillaries occur
everywhere that blood capillaries occur
what is the route of lymph?
interstitial fluid enters lymph capillaries and is now called lymph. From the lymph capillaries, lymph flows through afferent lymphatic vessels which leads lymph to the lymph nodes. Lymph leaves the nodes by the efferent lymphatic vessels. It then flows into the lymphatic trunks and finally into one of the 2 lymphatic ducts rejoining the blood
the two lymphatic ducts are the
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
what is the right lymphatic duct?
the smaller duct that drains lymph from the right upper arm, right side of the head and right thorax.
the right lymphatic duct drains into
the right subclavian vein
what is the thoracic duct?
larger duct that drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
Where on the wrist can you find a pulse?
radial artery
Where on the neck can you find a pulse?
carotid cartery
Where on the groin can you find a pulse?
femoral artery
Where on the foot can you find a pulse?
dorsal pedal artery
Where on the elbow can you find a pulse?
brachial artery
What regulates flow through the capillaries?
precapillary sphincter
What regulates flow to the capillaries?
arterioles and metarterioles
What are some causes of edema?
heart problems fluid retention increased capillary permeability blocked lymphatics decreased oncotic pressure
What are some factors that aid in blood flow through the veins?
valves
skeletal muscle contraction
breathing
What layer is affected during vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
tunica media
Which vessel will have the greatest affect during vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
arterioles
In addition to changing the diameter of the vessel, what other factors affect blood pressure?
cardiac output compliance (ability to stretch) volume of blood viscocity of blood vessel length
An vessel with increased length will have
increased resistance
1 lb of adipose adds
approximately 2 miles of vessels
the pulmonary artery
pushes blood away from the heart
the pulmonary vein
pushed blood toward the heart
