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A&P2 > Lecture Test 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels form a network of tubes that carry blood away from the heart, delivering

A

oxygen to the tissues through the capillaries and then returning it deoxygenated to the heart

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2
Q

What is the pathway to the cardiovascular system?

A 
heart
arteries
arterioles
metarteriole
capillary
venules
veins
heart
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3
Q

A 150 lb person has roughly

A

60,000 miles of vessels in the body

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4
Q

What is significant of the arteries?

A

vesssels carry blood away from the heart
blood is usually oxygenated
has a large diameter
has 3 layers of tissue that make up the artery wall

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the artery wall?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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6
Q

what is the tunica intima of an artery?

A

deepest tunica consisting of endothelium and an internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

what is endothelium?

A

single layer of epithelial cells lining the heart and vessels

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8
Q

what is the tunica media of an artery?

A

usually the thickest layer consisting of smooth muscle and in some vessels an external elastic membrane

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9
Q

what is the tunica externa of an artery?

A

elastic and collagen fibers

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10
Q

Due to the presence of elastic fibers, arteries will

A

expand during systole and recoil during diastole. A pulse can also be detected

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11
Q

A pulse can be detected in

A

a superficial artery that lies over a bone or other firm tissue

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12
Q

What are arterioles and metarterioles?

A

small arteries
connect arteries with capillaries
important in the regulation of flow of blood to the capillaries

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13
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

a single layer of epithelium

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14
Q

where are capillaries found?

A

throughout the body except the lens, cornea, epithelium and cartilage

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15
Q

What is the size of the lumen of the capillaries?

A

large enough to allow one RBC to flow per unit of time

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16
Q

What is significant of the size of the lumen of the capillaries?

A

allows for diffusion of gases in and out of the RBC; decreased velocity

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17
Q

capillaries exist in

A

capillary beds

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18
Q

When tissue needs are low, blood will

A

flow only through a small portion of the capillary bed.

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19
Q

When tissue needs are high,

A

the entire capillary bed is full of blood

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20
Q

Capillaries are the

A

site of material moving in and out of the circulatory system.

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21
Q

What is the bulk flow in the capillaries?

A

ions, proteins, other nutrients and water

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22
Q

The bulk flow out of the capillary happens

A

at the arteriole end

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23
Q

What happens at the venule end of the capillary?

A

the fluid moves into the capillary from the tissues spaces

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24
Q

In health, majority of the fluid at the arteriole end of the capillary is

A

reabsorbed at the venule end

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25
Q

Some fluid and proteins that are not reabsorbed at the venule end,

A

are returned to the blood by the lymphatic system

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26
Q

The __________ forces fluid out of the capillary.

A

hydrostatic pressure

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27
Q

The __________ helps return fluid back to the vessel.

A

oncotic pressure

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28
Q

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid is called

A

an edema

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29
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

they drain the capillary beds and take blood to the veins

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30
Q

what is the anatomy of a venule?

A

similar to a capillary

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31
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

carries blood (usually deoxygenated) towards the heart

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32
Q

what are the three layers of a vein?

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

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33
Q

what is the tunica interna of a vein?

A

endothelium

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34
Q

what is the tunica media of a vein?

A

smooth muscle (but not as much as in arteries)

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35
Q

what is the tunica externa of a vein?

A

thickest tunica in veins mainly composed of collagen.

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36
Q

Veins are blood ________

A

reservoirs. There is a different amount of blood in different vessels throughout the body.

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37
Q

Some popular places for blood to be stored in veins and venules are

A

the spleen, liver and skin

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38
Q

What is the cardiovascular center?

A

portion of the medulla oblongata that controls the rate of the heart and the diameter of the lumen of the vessels.

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39
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

when blood vessels diameters decrease

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40
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

when blood vessels diameter increases

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41
Q

Can vasoconstriction and vasodialation occur at the same time?

A

yes

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42
Q

what is systemic circulation?

A

all of the arteries and arterioles that carry oxygenated blood to the organs from the left ventricle and all of the veins and venules that carry deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium after flowing through the organs.

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43
Q

All systemic arteries branch from

A

the aorta

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44
Q

what is the aortic arch?

A

the ascending aorta, transverse aorta, and decending aorta

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45
Q

What are the three arteries that branch from the aortic arch?

A

braciocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

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46
Q

the brachiocephalic artery later branches into the

A

right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery

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47
Q

What is the function of the right common carotid artery?

A

supplies oxygenated blood tot eh right head and neck

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48
Q

what is the function of the right subclavian artery?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the right arm

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49
Q

What is the function of the left common carotid artery?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the left head and neck

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50
Q

what is the function of the left subclavian artery?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the left arm

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51
Q

The subclavian artery becomes the ________ when it goes through the arm pit area.

A

axillary artery

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52
Q

Once it passes the arm pit, the axillary artery becomes the

A

brachial artery when it enters the upper arm.

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53
Q

The brachial artery divides into 2 vessels at the elbow level:

A

ulnar artery and the radial artery

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54
Q

the ulnar artery goes towards

A

digit V

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55
Q

the radial artery goes towards

A

the thumb (digit I)

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56
Q

The descending aorta will continue through

A

the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

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57
Q

In the thoracic aorta, there will be a number of paired

A

intercostal arteries running in between the ribs

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58
Q

Along with intercostal arteries, there will be ________ in the thoracic aorta.

A

esophageal arteries and superior phrenic arteries

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59
Q

what is the function of esophageal arteries?

A

supplies blood to the esophagus

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60
Q

what is the function of the superior phrenic arteries?

A

supplies blood to the diaphragm.

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61
Q

The three major unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta are the

A

cephalic artery
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

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62
Q

what is the function of the cephalic artery?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, stomach and spleen

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63
Q

what is the function of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

brings blood to the pancreas and small intestine

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64
Q

what is the function of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

brings blood to the large intestine and rectum

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65
Q

what are two examples of paired arteries of the abdominal aorta?

A

renal arteries

gonadal arteries

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66
Q

what is the function of the renal arteries?

A

supplies the kidneys with oxygenated blood

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67
Q

what is the function of the gonadal arteries?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the ovaries or testicles

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68
Q

The abdominal aorta will branch at the lumbar region and become the

A

left and right common iliac arteries

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69
Q

The common iliac artery divides into an

A

external iliac artery and internal iliac artery

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70
Q

where does the external iliac artery extend into?

A

the lower leg

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71
Q

what is the function of the internal iliac artery?

A

supplies blood to the pelvic region

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72
Q

The external iliac artery becomes the

A

femoral artery in the thigh

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73
Q

when the deep femoral artery branches off it becomes

A

the popliteal artery when it goes behind the knee

74
Q

The popliteal artery continues as the

A

anterior and posterior tibial artery extending down the foot

75
Q

The anterior and posterior tibial artery becomes the

A

dorsalis pedis artery

76
Q

The arteries will become arterioles and finally capillaries where

A

the oxygen leaves and goes into the tissue and the CO2 enters the blood as a waste product from the tissue. The veins bring this deoxygenated blood back to the heart

77
Q

What is the longest vein in the body?

A

great saphenous vein of the leg

78
Q

what is the function of the Great saphenous vein?

A

brings blood from the lower leg upwards

79
Q

Along with the great saphenous vein the other major veins that drain the leg are the

A

internal and external iliac veins that merge to form the common iliac vein

80
Q

Each common iliac vein (one from each leg) joins to form the

A

very large inferior vena cava in the pelvis region

81
Q

The inferior vena cava ascends towards the heart draining

A

deoxygenated blood from areas below the heart.

82
Q

Many vessels found in the pelvic region connect to the inferior vena cava such as

A

the renal veins from the kidneys and the gonadal veins from the ovaries or testes

83
Q

The blood supply that went to the digestive organs via unpaired arteries

A

do not have a connection with the inferior vena cava.

84
Q

Digestive tract organs send its deoxygenated blood to the

A

hepatic portal system

85
Q

the hepatic portal system will join the inferior vena cava via the

A

hepatic veins

86
Q

The inferior vena cava goes to the thoracic region and enters the heart at

A

the right atrium

87
Q

The rib areas of the thorax are drained by the

A

intercostal veins that join the azygos vein on the right side and the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein on the left side

88
Q

The hemiazygos and accessory azygos enter into the azygos vein which eventually

A

enters into the superior vena cava

89
Q

The superior vena cava also receives deoxygenated blood from

A

the arm, head and neck

90
Q

Who is mostly responsible for draining the arm of deoxygenated blood?

A

the cephalic, basilica and brachial veins

91
Q

What connects the cephalic vein to the basillic vein?

A

median cubital vein

92
Q

what is significant of the median cubital vein?

A

Within the cubital fossa, this is where blood samples are taken from

93
Q

The basilic vein becomes the

A

axillary vein when the brachial vein attaches

94
Q

the brachial vein becomes the

A

subclavian vein when the cephalic vein attaches

95
Q

The subclavian veins enter the

A

brachiocephalic veins which enter the superior vena cava

96
Q

the brachial vein began as the

A

radial and ulnar veins

97
Q

The head and neck are drained by the

A

internal and external jugular veins on either side of the neck

98
Q

Eventually blood of the internal and external jugular veins enters the

A

brachiocephalic vein and ultimately the superior vena cava which drains into the right atrium

99
Q

Blood returning to the heart will be pumped out of

A

the right ventricle to the lungs where it takes on oxygen. It will then be pumped to the left side of the heart and ready to be part of the systemic circulation again

100
Q

what is coronary circulation?

A

circulation of oxygenated blood from coronary arteries through the capillaries into the coronary veins and finally into the coronary sinus

101
Q

Circulation in the fetus is different than in the adult because

A

the lungs are not functional

102
Q

The fetus derives its oxygen and nutrients from

A

maternal blood and eliminates wastes into maternal blood by diffusion

103
Q

The exchange of blood and wastes from fetus to mother occurs through the

A

placenta

104
Q

what is the placenta?

A

a transient organ that occurs from fetal and maternal tissue and exists only in pregnancy

105
Q

From the placenta, oxygenated blood flows through

A

the umbilical vein to the ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava.

106
Q

The inferior vena cava takes the oxygenated blood

A

into the right atrium of the heart.

107
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus venosus?

A

to bypass the lungs

108
Q

What is the first of the three pathways that blood flows in the fetal heart simultaneously?

A 
right atrium
foramen ovale
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aorta
109
Q

What is the second pathway that blood flows in the fetal heart?

A 
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aorta
110
Q

what is the third pathway for blood flow through the fetal heart?

A 
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
ductus arteriosus
aorta
111
Q

When the blood arrives in the aorta from the 3 pathways, it flows into

A

systemic circulation and eventually into the 2 umbilical arteries off the internal iliac artery and then back to the placenta for CO2 to diffuse into the maternal blood to pick up more oxygen,

112
Q

The maternal and fetal circulatory systems do not physically join but

A

exchange materials through diffusion.

113
Q

After the first breath, the following happens:

A
  1. Ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum.
  2. Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum
  3. Foramen ovale becomes fossa ovalis
  4. Umbilical vein becomes round ligament
  5. Umbilical arteries become cords of umbilical arteries
114
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the pressure that is exerted by the blood as it presses on arterial walls during ventricular systole and diastole

115
Q

What is the systolic number?

A

measurement of pressure in vessels when left ventricle is contracting during systole

116
Q

What is the diastolic number?

A

measurement of pressure in vessels when the left ventricle is relaxing during diastole

117
Q

What is the top number of your blood pressure?

A

systolic arterial pressure

118
Q

what is the bottom number of your blood pressure?

A

diastolic arterial pressure

119
Q

What is a normal blood pressure of a young adult?

A

120/80

120
Q

What is a person’s pulse pressure?

A

systolic minus diastolic

121
Q

What maintains blood pressure?

A

the nervous system and the endocrine system

122
Q

How does the nervous system maintain blood pressure?

A

by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic)

123
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain blood pressure?

A

epinephrine/noepinepherine

ADH/Aldosterone

124
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

125
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

momentary lapse that occurs when you stand up quickly and feel light headed

126
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure. Normally occurs when a person is physically or emotionally stressed

127
Q

What is persistent hypertension?

A

a constant high blood pressure that slowly strains the heart and vessels. Called the silent killer

128
Q

Hypertension causes damage to the endothelial layer of the vessels leading to

A

atherosclerosis and finally arteriosclerosis.

129
Q

Hypertension is more prevalent in

A

African Americans, males, smokers, people with poor diet, the obese and those with diabetes

130
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

localized dilation to an artery. Normally found in the brain or aorta

131
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

veins that have dilated and have become visible. Clots can become a problem

132
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

fatty deposits forming within the vessel wall and sometimes bulging into the lumen. This causes a decrease in the size of the lumen and due to the roughening of the endothelium, a blood clot can form.

133
Q

what is arteriosclerosis?

A

end product of atherosclerosis. Vessels are hardened due to plaque deposits and they lose their elasticity

134
Q

what is circulatory shock?

A

failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen to tissues.

135
Q

What is the result if shock persists?

A

cells and organs are damaged and/or die

136
Q

what are the symptoms of shock?

A

pale, cold, fast HR, weak pulse, capillary refill time (CRT)

137
Q

what is hemorrhagic shock?

A

external or internal bleeding causes a decrease in blood volume and pressure

138
Q

what is plasma loss shock?

A

loss of plasma to the interstitial spaces resulting in a decrease in blood volume and an increase in viscosity.

139
Q

what causes plasma loss shock?

A

burns to the skin

140
Q

what is dehydration shock?

A

dehydration causes loss of large amount of water and electrolyte portion of the blood.

141
Q

what is anesthesia shock?

A

decreased activity of the medulla can lead to depression of the cardiovascular center

142
Q

what is anaphylactic shock?

A

allergic reaction. Extreme vasodilation

143
Q

what is septic shock?

A

infection of the blood

144
Q

what is neurogenic shock?

A

head injuries including concussion due to injury of the medulla

145
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

loss of blood volume

146
Q

what types of shock cause hypovolemia?

A

hemorrhagic
plasma loss
dehydration

147
Q

what types of shock cause extreme vasodilation?

A

anesthesia
anaphylactic
septic
neurogenic

148
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

fluid balance
lipid absorption/transport
defense

149
Q

what are the three major components of the lymphatic system?

A

cells
system of lymphatic vessels
various lymphoid tissues and organs

150
Q

what types of cells are important to the lymphatic system?

A

white blood cells

151
Q

what is the system of lymphatic vessels?

A

vessels responsible for transporting interstitial fluid and escaped proteins back to the blood from capillary beds and transporting dietary fat from lacteals as well as bringing pathogens to specialized cells and stimulating the body’s defense system

152
Q

what are the various lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

structures that house lymphocytes which are important to resistance of disease

153
Q

what are lymphatic cells?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils

154
Q

Lymphatic vessels will form a one way system on which

A

the lymph flows only towards the heart,

155
Q

Materials only ______ the lymphatics. Nothing should ever ______.

A

enter

leave

156
Q

This transport system begins as

A

blind-ended lymph capillaries

157
Q

Where are lymph capillaries found?

A

in between cells in the interstitial spaces of the body

158
Q

As the interstitial fluid from the arteriole side of the capillary collects, most will be

A

returned to the blood on the venule side in bulk flow.

159
Q

Some fluid will not be returned to the blood and will enter

A

the lymphatic capillaries

160
Q

Once interstitial fluid enters the capillaries, it is called

A

lymph

161
Q

Lymph capillaries occur

A

everywhere that blood capillaries occur

162
Q

what is the route of lymph?

A

interstitial fluid enters lymph capillaries and is now called lymph. From the lymph capillaries, lymph flows through afferent lymphatic vessels which leads lymph to the lymph nodes. Lymph leaves the nodes by the efferent lymphatic vessels. It then flows into the lymphatic trunks and finally into one of the 2 lymphatic ducts rejoining the blood

163
Q

the two lymphatic ducts are the

A

right lymphatic duct

thoracic duct

164
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct?

A

the smaller duct that drains lymph from the right upper arm, right side of the head and right thorax.

165
Q

the right lymphatic duct drains into

A

the right subclavian vein

166
Q

what is the thoracic duct?

A

larger duct that drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein

167
Q

Where on the wrist can you find a pulse?

A

radial artery

168
Q

Where on the neck can you find a pulse?

A

carotid cartery

169
Q

Where on the groin can you find a pulse?

A

femoral artery

170
Q

Where on the foot can you find a pulse?

A

dorsal pedal artery

171
Q

Where on the elbow can you find a pulse?

A

brachial artery

172
Q

What regulates flow through the capillaries?

A

precapillary sphincter

173
Q

What regulates flow to the capillaries?

A

arterioles and metarterioles

174
Q

What are some causes of edema?

A 
heart problems
fluid retention
increased capillary permeability
blocked lymphatics
decreased oncotic pressure
175
Q

What are some factors that aid in blood flow through the veins?

A

valves
skeletal muscle contraction
breathing

176
Q

What layer is affected during vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

tunica media

177
Q

Which vessel will have the greatest affect during vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

arterioles

178
Q

In addition to changing the diameter of the vessel, what other factors affect blood pressure?

A 
cardiac output
compliance (ability to stretch)
volume of blood
viscocity of blood
vessel length
179
Q

An vessel with increased length will have

A

increased resistance

180
Q

1 lb of adipose adds

A

approximately 2 miles of vessels

181
Q

the pulmonary artery

A

pushes blood away from the heart

182
Q

the pulmonary vein

A

pushed blood toward the heart

A&P2 (12 decks)

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