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A&P2 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

new individuals of a species are produced and the genetic material is passed from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

The organs of the reproductive system are the

A

gonads

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3
Q

gonads produce

A

gametes that secrete hormones

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4
Q

testes produce

A

sperm and male hormones

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5
Q

ovaries produce

A

oocytes and female hormones

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6
Q

In the human, each gamete (sperm or oocyte) contains

A

1/2 the number of chromosomes found in the somatic cell

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7
Q

How many chromosomes will each gamete contain?

A

23 chromosomes

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8
Q

When will gametes change the amount of chromosomes they contain?

A

fertilization where they will contain 46 chromosomes

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9
Q

what is the haploid number?

A

23 chromosomes

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10
Q

what is the diploid number?>

A

46 chromosomes

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11
Q

what is meiosis?

A

specialized cell division that creates cells with half the number of chromosomes

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12
Q

meiosis occurs

A

only in the gonads

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13
Q

what are the organs of the male reproductive systems?

A 
testes
system of ducts
scrotum
penis
accessory sex glands
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14
Q

The organs of the male reproductive system are found in the

A

perineum

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15
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes

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16
Q

What composes the outer layer of the scrotum?

A

skin, a layer of fascia and a layer of smooth mucle

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17
Q

what is the smooth muscle that composes the outer layer of the scrotum called?

A

dartos muscle

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18
Q

The scrotum internally,

A

divides into two layers by a septum

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19
Q

Spermatozoa require a temperature

A

that is lower than core body temp

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20
Q

what regulates the temperature of spermatozoa?

A

cremaster muscle

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21
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do?

A

elevates the testes, bringing them closer to the body when it is cold and causes them to move away from the body when warm.

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22
Q

what is the pampiniform plexus?

A

has arteries (hot blood) and veins (cold blood). They wrap around each other and transfer heat to one another

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23
Q

what are the testes?

A

pair of oval shaped glands found in the scrotum

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24
Q

Testes are the male

A

gonads

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25
Q

when to testes develop in the embryo?

A

7th - 8th month of gestation

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26
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

testes do not descend

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27
Q

What is the outcome of cryptorchidism?

A

sterility and testicular cancer

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28
Q

When do the testes normally descend?

A

1st year of life

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29
Q

How do you treat cryptorchidism?

A

hormones or surgery

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30
Q

what covers the testes?

A

shiny white membrane called the tunica albuginea

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31
Q

what does the tunica albuginea do?

A

divides the testicles into lobules

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32
Q

What lies within the lobules of the testicles?

A

seminiferous tubules

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33
Q

what occurs within the seminiferous tubules?

A

sperm develop and mature

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34
Q

what types of cells are found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogonia cells

sustenacular cells

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35
Q

Sperm begin from

A

spermatogonia cells

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36
Q

Through meiosis, spermatogonia cells will become

A

spermozoa

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37
Q

From 1 spermatogonia cell

A

4 spermozoa cells will result

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38
Q

What is the process for with spermozoa is made called

A

spermatogenosis

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39
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

64 days

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40
Q

Among developing sperm there are

A

sustentacular cells

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41
Q

what is the purpose of sustentacular cells?

A

protect and nourish the developing sperm

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42
Q

In the spaces between the seminiferous tubules are

A

clusters of interstitial endocrinocytes

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43
Q

what is the function of interstitial endocrinocytes?

A

secretion of testosterone

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44
Q

what are sperm?

A

the male gamete

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45
Q

How many sperm develop per day?

A

300 million

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46
Q

Once ejaculated, how long will sperm live in the female reproductive system?

A

48 hours

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47
Q

what are the three regions of the sperm?

A

head
flagellum
midpiece

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48
Q

what does the lead of the sperm contain?

A

genetic material and the acrosome

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49
Q

what does the acrosome contain?

A

enzymes

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50
Q

what does the midpiece contain?

A

mitochondria

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51
Q

what is the flagellum?

A

the tail

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52
Q

when does the production of sperm start?

A

puberty

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53
Q

what is the route of the sperm?

A 
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferns
ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
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54
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

a tube structure outside of the testes where sperm mature

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55
Q

How do the sperm get to the epididymis from the seminiferous tubules?

A

pressure of fluid secreted by sustentacular cells

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56
Q

The epididymis is the site where

A

the flagella begin to move

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57
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

to mature the sperm and propel sperm my mucular contractions

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58
Q

What is the transit time through the epididymis?

A

12-14 days

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59
Q

From the episisymis. where do sperm go?

A

to the vas deferens for storage until ejaculation

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60
Q

The vas deferens is closely associated withq

A

blood vessels with a spermatic cord

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61
Q

the spermatic cord passes through

A

the inguinal canal

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62
Q

how long is the spermatic cord?

A

2 inches long

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63
Q

After the spermatic cord, the vas deferens will travel

A

alone within the pelvic cavity

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64
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

sterilization where both vas deferens are removed

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65
Q

what is an inguinal hernia?

A

rupture of the wall around the opening of the inguinal canal allows a portion of the small intestine into the scrotum

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66
Q

what is the treatment for an inguinal hernia?

A

surgery

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67
Q

After leaving the vas deferens, sperm travel to

A

the ejaculatory ducts

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68
Q

the ejaculatory ducts are formed by

A

the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles within the vas deferens

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69
Q

From the ejaculatory duct, the sperm travel to three areas of the urethra

A

prostatic, membranous and spongy urethras

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70
Q

Where is sperm ejaculated from?

A

accessory sex glands from the urethral orifice

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71
Q

what are the accessory sex glands?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

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72
Q

What is the function of the accesoory sex glands?

A

secretion of semen

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73
Q

what is semen?

A

fluid of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands plus sperm

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74
Q

what are seminal vesicles?

A

paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder

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75
Q

what do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

alkaline

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76
Q

what is alkaline?

A

thick fluid that contains fructose abd prostaglandins

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77
Q

what is the function of alkaline?

A

neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina that would kill the sperm

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78
Q

How is fructose used by the sperm

A

to produce ATP

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79
Q

What do the prostaglandins do?

A

increase sperm mobility as well as muscle contraction within the female reproductive system

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80
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

single, donut shaped gland that surround the prostatic urethra

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81
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete?

A

milky white, slightly alkaline substance that assists in the coagulation of semen.

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82
Q

How do the secretions of the prostate glands enter the urethra?

A

prostatic ducts

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83
Q

The prostate gland will increase

A

in size from middle age onwards causing difficulties in urination

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84
Q

what is prostate cancer?

A

leading cause of death in males in the US

85
Q

How is prostate cancer discovered?

A

high levels of prostate specific antigen in the blood

86
Q

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

A

digital rectal exam

87
Q

what is a digital rectal exam?

A

the proatate gland is felt through the rectum

88
Q

what is the treatment for prostate cancer?

A

radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and surgery

89
Q

what is a prostatic hypertrophy?

A

enlargement of the prostate gland constricting the flow of urine

90
Q

what are bulbourethral glands?

A

during sexual arousal these glands secrete an alkaline mucus substance that lubricated the tip of the penis and prepares for passage of sperm

91
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

to place gametes into the female reproductive system and urination

92
Q

In the penis there are 3

A

columns of erectile tissue

93
Q

what is erectile tissue?

A

spongy network of connective tissue with large vascular spaces called sinusoids that can be filled with blood

94
Q

What are the three columns of the penis?

A

2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus sponginosum

95
Q

the corpus cavernosum contains

A

the spongy urethra

96
Q

what is the glans penis?

A

slightly enlarged area of the penis covered by the prepuce

97
Q

what is the prepuce?

A

foreskin

98
Q

what is a circumcision?

A

removal of the prepuce

99
Q

As a result of stimulation the male adult will have

A

an erection

100
Q

what is an erection

A

rigidity and lengthening of the penis

101
Q

what causes an erection?

A

action potentials being carried down the pudendal nerve to the arteries in the penis

102
Q

What is erectile dysfunction?

A

inability to achieve an erection

103
Q

What causes ED?

A

medications and physical and psychological problems

104
Q

What is Viagra?

A

pill that blocks cGMP conversion to GMP allowing accumulation of cGMP in the smooth muscles of the arteries

105
Q

Viagra is a

A

systemic vasodilator

106
Q

Ejaculation is under control by

A

the autonomic nervous system

107
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

reflex ejection of semen

108
Q

Why can’t urination and ejaculation occur at the same time?

A

the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes during ejaculation

109
Q

At the beginning of puberty, the hypothalamus secretes

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

110
Q

GnRH stimulates the

A

anterior pituitary gland

111
Q

Once stimulated, the anterior pituitary gland increases secretion of

A

lutenizing hormone (Lh) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

112
Q

Lutenizing hormone is carried by the blood to

A

interstitial endocrinocytes

113
Q

interstitial endocrinocytes produce

A

testosterone

114
Q

what is testosterone?

A

the principle male sex hormone

115
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone is carried by the blood to

A

the testes

116
Q

the testes stimulates

A

spermatogenesis of the spermatogonial cells

117
Q

Inhibin is released by

A

sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules

118
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

to inhibit follicle stimulating hormone from being released

119
Q

testosterone is formed by

A

interstitial cells

120
Q

a small amount of testosterone is produced by

A

the adrenal cortex

121
Q

Aside from spermatogenesis, testosterone is important in

A

formation of secondary sex characteristics

122
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics?

A

lower voice, increased hair growth

123
Q

the female reproductive system includes

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

124
Q

ovaries are located

A

near the kidneys

125
Q

how are the ovaries position maintained?

A

ligaments

126
Q

what controls the ovaries?

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

127
Q

the ovaries are the site of

A

oogenesis

128
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

the formation of female gametes

129
Q

the ovaries produce which hormones?

A

estrogen and progesterone

130
Q

Females are born with

A

primordial follicles already within their ovaries

131
Q

Each month several primordial follicles

A

become primary follicles

132
Q

most primary follicles will

A

undergo atresia

133
Q

what is atresia?

A

degeneration

134
Q

A few primary follicles will become

A

secondary follicles

135
Q

One secondary follicle develops

A

into a graafian follicle

136
Q

What does the graafian follicle do?

A

ruptures releasing the secondary oocyte

137
Q

the secondary oocyte will

A

be fertilized in the fallopian tube

138
Q

What happens to the ruptured follicle?

A

it collapses and secretes estrogen and progesterone. It is now called the corpus luteum

139
Q

Estrogen is made by

A

the follicles

140
Q

progesterone is made by

A

corpus luteum

141
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum at the end of the monthly cycle?

A

it becomes scar tissue called the corpus albicans

142
Q

What does the surface of the ovaries in older women look like?

A

scarred and pitted

143
Q

what is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

transports the released secondary oocyte towards the uterus

144
Q

the fallopian tube is the site of

A

fertilization

145
Q

what is part of the outer wall of the fallopian tube?

A

finger like projections called fimbrae

146
Q

what is tubal ligation?

A

female sterilization where the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped

147
Q

how does tubal ligation stop pregnancy?

A

stops the sperm from meeting the egg

148
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

pregnancy that occurs in the fallopian tubes

149
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

150
Q

what is the perimetrium?

A

outer layer

151
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

middle layer

152
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

inner layer

153
Q

the endometrium is composed of

A

two layers called the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis

154
Q

what is the stratum functionalis?

A

layer that is shed during monthly menses and will be reestablished each month

155
Q

what is the stratum basilis?

A

permanent layer of tissue under the stratum functionalis

156
Q

what is the function of the stratum basilis?

A

to make a new stratum functionalis each month

157
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

displacement of the endometrium

158
Q

what is the cervix?

A

the distal portion of the uterus

159
Q

what is the opening of the cervix called?

A

external os

160
Q

how can cervicular cancer be diagnosed?

A

pap smear

161
Q

what is the vagina?

A

the passageway for sperm, menstral blood, and child being delivered

162
Q

The vagina is covered by

A

the hymen

163
Q

what is the hymen?

A

a thin fold of mucus membrane

164
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

2 adipose folds that contain oil and sweat glands

165
Q

the labia majora is the female equivalent to the

A

scrotum

166
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

2 thin mucosal folds medial to the labial majora

167
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

structure composed of erectile tissue

168
Q

the clitoris is composed of

A

2 corpora cavernosa covered by a prepuce

169
Q

what happens to the clitoris when stimulated?

A

increases in size due to blood engorgement

170
Q

what is menarche?

A

first menstruation

171
Q

what is menstruation?

A

discharge of blood and elements of the uterine mucous membrane

172
Q

what is the menstrual cycle?

A

cycle that occurs every 28 days

173
Q

what is menopause?

A

cessation of the menstrual cycle

174
Q

what is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstruation. days 1-5

175
Q

what happens to the uterus during menstruation?

A

stratum functionalis detaches producing a menstrual flow

176
Q

what happens to the ovary during menstruation?

A

20-25 primordial follicles develop into primary follicles and produce estrogen. Then they develop into secondary follicles

177
Q

what is the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

preovulatory phase days 6-13

178
Q

what happens to the uterus during the preovlatory phase?

A

estrogen begins to make a new stratum functionalis

179
Q

what happens to the ovary during preovulatory phase?

A

1 secondary follicle becomes a graafian follicle

180
Q

what is the 3rd phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation. day 14

181
Q

what happens to the uterus during ovulation?

A

stratum functionalis continues to thicken to prepare for implantation

182
Q

what happens to the ovaries during ovulation?

A

secondary oocyte moves into falliopian tube. Remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum secreting estrogen and progesterone

183
Q

what is the final stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

post ovulatory phase. days 15-28

184
Q

what happens to the uterus during post ovulatory phase

A

stratum functionalis continues to develop under the control of progesterone

185
Q

what happens to the ovaries during post ovulatory phase?

A

corpus luteum present

186
Q

what happens if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized?

A

corpus luteum degenerates and becomes corpus albicans

187
Q

what happens when the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans?

A

progesterone level drops, begin next menstruation

188
Q

what happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta develops. HCG will signal the ovary to continue corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

189
Q

what is HCG?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin.

190
Q

what are the three classifications of birth control

A

mechanical
behavioral
hormonal

191
Q

what is mechanical birth control

A

prevents fertilzation

192
Q

what is behavioral birth control?

A

prevents fertilization

193
Q

what is hormonal birth control

A

prevents ovulation

194
Q

which birth control has the most side effects?

A

hormonal

195
Q

what is abstinence?

A

behavioral

196
Q

what are birth control pills?

A

hormonal. maintains high levels of hormones in the body and prevents ovulation

197
Q

what are implants?

A

hormonal. slow release of hormones that prevents ovulation

198
Q

what are IUDs?

A

mechanical. placed in the uterus it will decrease time spent in the fallopian tube and makes uterus inhospitable for implantation

199
Q

what is a diaphragm?

A

mechanical. device that fits over the cervix holding a spermicidal agent in place

200
Q

what are spermicidal agents?

A

mechanical. kill sperm when inserted before intercourse

201
Q

what is the rhythm method?

A

behavioral refrain from intercourse around time of ovulation

202
Q

what is temperature method?

A

behavioral. temp increases just prior to ovulation. refrain from sex at this time

203
Q

what is the mucus method?

A

behavioral. check viscocity of vaginal mucus. becomes thinner at ovulation

204
Q

what is Depo-Provera?

A

hormonal. injection of progesterone that prevents ovulation

205
Q

what is the nuvoring?

A

hormonal. releases progesterone and estrogen. worn for three weeks

206
Q

tubal ligation is a _______ method

A

behavioral

207
Q

male birth control methods:

A

have no hormonal methods

208
Q

condom:

A

mechanical. recommended to be used with nonooxynl (spermicide)

209
Q

what is coitus interruptus?

A

mechanical. withdrawl method

A&P2 (12 decks)

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