Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is reproduction?
A
new individuals of a species are produced and the genetic material is passed from one generation to the next.
2
Q
The organs of the reproductive system are the
A
gonads
3
Q
gonads produce
A
gametes that secrete hormones
4
Q
testes produce
A
sperm and male hormones
5
Q
ovaries produce
A
oocytes and female hormones
6
Q
In the human, each gamete (sperm or oocyte) contains
A
1/2 the number of chromosomes found in the somatic cell
7
Q
How many chromosomes will each gamete contain?
A
23 chromosomes
8
Q
When will gametes change the amount of chromosomes they contain?
A
fertilization where they will contain 46 chromosomes
9
Q
what is the haploid number?
A
23 chromosomes
10
Q
what is the diploid number?>
A
46 chromosomes
11
Q
what is meiosis?
A
specialized cell division that creates cells with half the number of chromosomes
12
Q
meiosis occurs
A
only in the gonads
13
Q
what are the organs of the male reproductive systems?
A
testes system of ducts scrotum penis accessory sex glands
14
Q
The organs of the male reproductive system are found in the
A
perineum
15
Q
what is the scrotum?
A
cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes
16
Q
What composes the outer layer of the scrotum?
A
skin, a layer of fascia and a layer of smooth mucle
17
Q
what is the smooth muscle that composes the outer layer of the scrotum called?
A
dartos muscle
18
Q
The scrotum internally,
A
divides into two layers by a septum
19
Q
Spermatozoa require a temperature
A
that is lower than core body temp
20
Q
what regulates the temperature of spermatozoa?
A
cremaster muscle
21
Q
what does the cremaster muscle do?
A
elevates the testes, bringing them closer to the body when it is cold and causes them to move away from the body when warm.
22
Q
what is the pampiniform plexus?
A
has arteries (hot blood) and veins (cold blood). They wrap around each other and transfer heat to one another
23
Q
what are the testes?
A
pair of oval shaped glands found in the scrotum
24
Q
Testes are the male
A
gonads
25
when to testes develop in the embryo?
7th - 8th month of gestation
26
what is cryptorchidism?
testes do not descend
27
What is the outcome of cryptorchidism?
sterility and testicular cancer
28
When do the testes normally descend?
1st year of life
29
How do you treat cryptorchidism?
hormones or surgery
30
what covers the testes?
shiny white membrane called the tunica albuginea
31
what does the tunica albuginea do?
divides the testicles into lobules
32
What lies within the lobules of the testicles?
seminiferous tubules
33
what occurs within the seminiferous tubules?
sperm develop and mature
34
what types of cells are found in the seminiferous tubules?
spermatogonia cells
| sustenacular cells
35
Sperm begin from
spermatogonia cells
36
Through meiosis, spermatogonia cells will become
spermozoa
37
From 1 spermatogonia cell
4 spermozoa cells will result
38
What is the process for with spermozoa is made called
spermatogenosis
39
How long does spermatogenesis take?
64 days
40
Among developing sperm there are
sustentacular cells
41
what is the purpose of sustentacular cells?
protect and nourish the developing sperm
42
In the spaces between the seminiferous tubules are
clusters of interstitial endocrinocytes
43
what is the function of interstitial endocrinocytes?
secretion of testosterone
44
what are sperm?
the male gamete
45
How many sperm develop per day?
300 million
46
Once ejaculated, how long will sperm live in the female reproductive system?
48 hours
47
what are the three regions of the sperm?
head
flagellum
midpiece
48
what does the lead of the sperm contain?
genetic material and the acrosome
49
what does the acrosome contain?
enzymes
50
what does the midpiece contain?
mitochondria
51
what is the flagellum?
the tail
52
when does the production of sperm start?
puberty
53
what is the route of the sperm?
```
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferns
ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
```
54
what is the epididymis?
a tube structure outside of the testes where sperm mature
55
How do the sperm get to the epididymis from the seminiferous tubules?
pressure of fluid secreted by sustentacular cells
56
The epididymis is the site where
the flagella begin to move
57
What is the function of the epididymis?
to mature the sperm and propel sperm my mucular contractions
58
What is the transit time through the epididymis?
12-14 days
59
From the episisymis. where do sperm go?
to the vas deferens for storage until ejaculation
60
The vas deferens is closely associated withq
blood vessels with a spermatic cord
61
the spermatic cord passes through
the inguinal canal
62
how long is the spermatic cord?
2 inches long
63
After the spermatic cord, the vas deferens will travel
alone within the pelvic cavity
64
what is a vasectomy?
sterilization where both vas deferens are removed
65
what is an inguinal hernia?
rupture of the wall around the opening of the inguinal canal allows a portion of the small intestine into the scrotum
66
what is the treatment for an inguinal hernia?
surgery
67
After leaving the vas deferens, sperm travel to
the ejaculatory ducts
68
the ejaculatory ducts are formed by
the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles within the vas deferens
69
From the ejaculatory duct, the sperm travel to three areas of the urethra
prostatic, membranous and spongy urethras
70
Where is sperm ejaculated from?
accessory sex glands from the urethral orifice
71
what are the accessory sex glands?
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
72
What is the function of the accesoory sex glands?
secretion of semen
73
what is semen?
fluid of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands plus sperm
74
what are seminal vesicles?
paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder
75
what do seminal vesicles secrete?
alkaline
76
what is alkaline?
thick fluid that contains fructose abd prostaglandins
77
what is the function of alkaline?
neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina that would kill the sperm
78
How is fructose used by the sperm
to produce ATP
79
What do the prostaglandins do?
increase sperm mobility as well as muscle contraction within the female reproductive system
80
what is the prostate gland?
single, donut shaped gland that surround the prostatic urethra
81
what does the prostate gland secrete?
milky white, slightly alkaline substance that assists in the coagulation of semen.
82
How do the secretions of the prostate glands enter the urethra?
prostatic ducts
83
The prostate gland will increase
in size from middle age onwards causing difficulties in urination
84
what is prostate cancer?
leading cause of death in males in the US
85
How is prostate cancer discovered?
high levels of prostate specific antigen in the blood
86
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
digital rectal exam
87
what is a digital rectal exam?
the proatate gland is felt through the rectum
88
what is the treatment for prostate cancer?
radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and surgery
89
what is a prostatic hypertrophy?
enlargement of the prostate gland constricting the flow of urine
90
what are bulbourethral glands?
during sexual arousal these glands secrete an alkaline mucus substance that lubricated the tip of the penis and prepares for passage of sperm
91
what is the function of the penis?
to place gametes into the female reproductive system and urination
92
In the penis there are 3
columns of erectile tissue
93
what is erectile tissue?
spongy network of connective tissue with large vascular spaces called sinusoids that can be filled with blood
94
What are the three columns of the penis?
2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus sponginosum
95
the corpus cavernosum contains
the spongy urethra
96
what is the glans penis?
slightly enlarged area of the penis covered by the prepuce
97
what is the prepuce?
foreskin
98
what is a circumcision?
removal of the prepuce
99
As a result of stimulation the male adult will have
an erection
100
what is an erection
rigidity and lengthening of the penis
101
what causes an erection?
action potentials being carried down the pudendal nerve to the arteries in the penis
102
What is erectile dysfunction?
inability to achieve an erection
103
What causes ED?
medications and physical and psychological problems
104
What is Viagra?
pill that blocks cGMP conversion to GMP allowing accumulation of cGMP in the smooth muscles of the arteries
105
Viagra is a
systemic vasodilator
106
Ejaculation is under control by
the autonomic nervous system
107
what is ejaculation?
reflex ejection of semen
108
Why can't urination and ejaculation occur at the same time?
the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes during ejaculation
109
At the beginning of puberty, the hypothalamus secretes
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
110
GnRH stimulates the
anterior pituitary gland
111
Once stimulated, the anterior pituitary gland increases secretion of
lutenizing hormone (Lh) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
112
Lutenizing hormone is carried by the blood to
interstitial endocrinocytes
113
interstitial endocrinocytes produce
testosterone
114
what is testosterone?
the principle male sex hormone
115
Follicle stimulating hormone is carried by the blood to
the testes
116
the testes stimulates
spermatogenesis of the spermatogonial cells
117
Inhibin is released by
sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules
118
What is the function of inhibin?
to inhibit follicle stimulating hormone from being released
119
testosterone is formed by
interstitial cells
120
a small amount of testosterone is produced by
the adrenal cortex
121
Aside from spermatogenesis, testosterone is important in
formation of secondary sex characteristics
122
what are secondary sex characteristics?
lower voice, increased hair growth
123
the female reproductive system includes
ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
124
ovaries are located
near the kidneys
125
how are the ovaries position maintained?
ligaments
126
what controls the ovaries?
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
127
the ovaries are the site of
oogenesis
128
what is oogenesis?
the formation of female gametes
129
the ovaries produce which hormones?
estrogen and progesterone
130
Females are born with
primordial follicles already within their ovaries
131
Each month several primordial follicles
become primary follicles
132
most primary follicles will
undergo atresia
133
what is atresia?
degeneration
134
A few primary follicles will become
secondary follicles
135
One secondary follicle develops
into a graafian follicle
136
What does the graafian follicle do?
ruptures releasing the secondary oocyte
137
the secondary oocyte will
be fertilized in the fallopian tube
138
What happens to the ruptured follicle?
it collapses and secretes estrogen and progesterone. It is now called the corpus luteum
139
Estrogen is made by
the follicles
140
progesterone is made by
corpus luteum
141
What happens to the corpus luteum at the end of the monthly cycle?
it becomes scar tissue called the corpus albicans
142
What does the surface of the ovaries in older women look like?
scarred and pitted
143
what is the function of the fallopian tubes?
transports the released secondary oocyte towards the uterus
144
the fallopian tube is the site of
fertilization
145
what is part of the outer wall of the fallopian tube?
finger like projections called fimbrae
146
what is tubal ligation?
female sterilization where the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped
147
how does tubal ligation stop pregnancy?
stops the sperm from meeting the egg
148
what is an ectopic pregnancy?
pregnancy that occurs in the fallopian tubes
149
what are the 3 layers of the uterus?
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
150
what is the perimetrium?
outer layer
151
what is the myometrium?
middle layer
152
what is the endometrium?
inner layer
153
the endometrium is composed of
two layers called the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis
154
what is the stratum functionalis?
layer that is shed during monthly menses and will be reestablished each month
155
what is the stratum basilis?
permanent layer of tissue under the stratum functionalis
156
what is the function of the stratum basilis?
to make a new stratum functionalis each month
157
what is endometriosis?
displacement of the endometrium
158
what is the cervix?
the distal portion of the uterus
159
what is the opening of the cervix called?
external os
160
how can cervicular cancer be diagnosed?
pap smear
161
what is the vagina?
the passageway for sperm, menstral blood, and child being delivered
162
The vagina is covered by
the hymen
163
what is the hymen?
a thin fold of mucus membrane
164
what is the labia majora?
2 adipose folds that contain oil and sweat glands
165
the labia majora is the female equivalent to the
scrotum
166
what is the labia minora?
2 thin mucosal folds medial to the labial majora
167
what is the clitoris?
structure composed of erectile tissue
168
the clitoris is composed of
2 corpora cavernosa covered by a prepuce
169
what happens to the clitoris when stimulated?
increases in size due to blood engorgement
170
what is menarche?
first menstruation
171
what is menstruation?
discharge of blood and elements of the uterine mucous membrane
172
what is the menstrual cycle?
cycle that occurs every 28 days
173
what is menopause?
cessation of the menstrual cycle
174
what is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?
menstruation. days 1-5
175
what happens to the uterus during menstruation?
stratum functionalis detaches producing a menstrual flow
176
what happens to the ovary during menstruation?
20-25 primordial follicles develop into primary follicles and produce estrogen. Then they develop into secondary follicles
177
what is the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle?
preovulatory phase days 6-13
178
what happens to the uterus during the preovlatory phase?
estrogen begins to make a new stratum functionalis
179
what happens to the ovary during preovulatory phase?
1 secondary follicle becomes a graafian follicle
180
what is the 3rd phase of the menstrual cycle?
ovulation. day 14
181
what happens to the uterus during ovulation?
stratum functionalis continues to thicken to prepare for implantation
182
what happens to the ovaries during ovulation?
secondary oocyte moves into falliopian tube. Remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum secreting estrogen and progesterone
183
what is the final stage of the menstrual cycle?
post ovulatory phase. days 15-28
184
what happens to the uterus during post ovulatory phase
stratum functionalis continues to develop under the control of progesterone
185
what happens to the ovaries during post ovulatory phase?
corpus luteum present
186
what happens if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized?
corpus luteum degenerates and becomes corpus albicans
187
what happens when the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans?
progesterone level drops, begin next menstruation
188
what happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?
corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta develops. HCG will signal the ovary to continue corpus luteum and progesterone secretion
189
what is HCG?
human chorionic gonadotropin.
190
what are the three classifications of birth control
mechanical
behavioral
hormonal
191
what is mechanical birth control
prevents fertilzation
192
what is behavioral birth control?
prevents fertilization
193
what is hormonal birth control
prevents ovulation
194
which birth control has the most side effects?
hormonal
195
what is abstinence?
behavioral
196
what are birth control pills?
hormonal. maintains high levels of hormones in the body and prevents ovulation
197
what are implants?
hormonal. slow release of hormones that prevents ovulation
198
what are IUDs?
mechanical. placed in the uterus it will decrease time spent in the fallopian tube and makes uterus inhospitable for implantation
199
what is a diaphragm?
mechanical. device that fits over the cervix holding a spermicidal agent in place
200
what are spermicidal agents?
mechanical. kill sperm when inserted before intercourse
201
what is the rhythm method?
behavioral refrain from intercourse around time of ovulation
202
what is temperature method?
behavioral. temp increases just prior to ovulation. refrain from sex at this time
203
what is the mucus method?
behavioral. check viscocity of vaginal mucus. becomes thinner at ovulation
204
what is Depo-Provera?
hormonal. injection of progesterone that prevents ovulation
205
what is the nuvoring?
hormonal. releases progesterone and estrogen. worn for three weeks
206
tubal ligation is a _______ method
behavioral
207
male birth control methods:
have no hormonal methods
208
condom:
mechanical. recommended to be used with nonooxynl (spermicide)
209
what is coitus interruptus?
mechanical. withdrawl method
