Lecture Test 2 Part One Flashcards
1
Q
What is hemotology?
A
the study of blood
2
Q
Blood is a type of
A
connective tissue
3
Q
what are the functions of blood?
A
transportation
prevention/protection
temperature regulation
4
Q
Blood transports oxygen
A
from the lungs into the cells
5
Q
Blood transports carbon dioxide
A
from the cells to the lungs
6
Q
Blood transports nutrients from
A
the GI tract
7
Q
Blood transports hormones from
A
the endocrine glands
8
Q
How does blood prevent/protect?
A
it prevents infection and blood loss
9
Q
How does blood maintain temperature?
A
it moves blood to the surface when hot and brings blood to the core when cold
10
Q
In a human adult there is _______ amount of blood in the body
A
4-6 L
11
Q
what is the pH of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
12
Q
Blood is composed of
A
plasma and formed elements
13
Q
what are formed elements?
A
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
14
Q
What is plasma?
A
the fluid portion of blood
15
Q
Plasma is _____ of whole blood
A
55%
16
Q
What is plasma made of?
A
water electrolytes wastes nutrients proteins respiratory gases
17
Q
what proteins are found in plasma?
A
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen (clotting factor)
18
Q
what color is plasma?
A
straw colored
19
Q
what is serum?
A
plasma minus the clotting factors
20
Q
red blood cells are called
A
erythrocytes
21
Q
white blood cells are called
A
leukocytes
22
Q
platelets are called
A
thrombocytes
23
Q
what is hematocrit?
A
measurements of RBCs in the blood
24
Q
what is a normal hematocrit level at sea level?
A
40%
25
What is hempoiesis?
Process of forming new blood cells
26
Within the red bone marrow there are stem cells called
hemocytoblasts which give rise to RBCs, WBCs and Platelets
27
Hemopoiesis in the fetus occurs in
yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus
28
Hemopoiesis in a young child occurs in
red bone marrow of all bones
29
Hemopiesis in an adult occurs in
red bone marrow of select bones
30
Erythrocytes are shaped as
a bi-concave disc
31
Erythrocytes have no
nuclei
32
The absence of a nucleus allows erythrocytes to
have more room for hemoglobin
33
what is hemoglobin?
an oxygen carrying pigment
34
A hemoglobin molecule is composed of
4 polypeptide chains with a HEME structure in the midst of each polypeptide chain.
35
Each HEME contains
an iron that will be able to combine with oxygen
36
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry
4 oxygens
37
What is the function of the biconcave disc of RBCs?
it increases surface area for gas diffusion and gives the cell more flexibility to fit through small vessels
38
Since there is no nucleus, no _______ can occur
repair
39
what is erythropoiesis?
process of RBC production
40
erythropoiesis starts as a
hemocytoblast
41
what is the pathway for erythropoiesis?
hemocytoblast
reticulocyte
erythrocyte
42
how long does it take to make RBCs?
1-2 days
43
hemocytoblasts are found in
red bone marrow
44
reticulocytes and erythrocytes are found in
circulating blood
45
what is regenerative anemia?
5% reticulocyte count. Bone marrow working. Takes 3-4 days to determine
46
what is nonregenerative anemia?
0-1.5% reticulocyte count. Bone marrow is not working
47
The number of erythrocytes in the blood must be kept
constant
48
The body maintains RBCs in the blood by
erythropoietin
49
what is erythropoietin?
hormone that is released by the kidneys that will stimulate the red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs
50
what is the stimulus for erythropoietin?
hypoxia
51
what is hypoxia?
lack of adequate oxygen
52
renal failure patients may lack erythropoietin and therefore
suffer a low hematocrit, often half of the normal level
53
what is administered to renal failure patients?
recombinant erythropoietin
54
Males have a higher hematocrit due to
testosterone
55
what is testosterone?
a male hormone that stimulates the production of RBCs
56
what are the effects of living in the mountains?
Higher amounts of RBCs are produced. Hematocrit will be higher
57
what are the effects of visiting the mountains?
erythropoietin is released and RBCs are produced three days later. When you go home on the fourth day, you will have more RBCs and more oxygen in the blood
58
RBCs live for
120 days
59
Why do the RBCs die?
the lack of a nucleus and the inability to produce new proteins.
60
what happens to RBCs that are removed from circulation and destroyed?
Macrophages in the liver, spleen, and other tissues phagocytize them
61
when hemoglobin is broken down, iron and polypeptides
are recycled
62
when hemoglobin is broken down, heme is
converted to biliverdin
63
When hemoglobin is broken down, biliverdin is
converted into bilirubin
64
when hemoglobin is broken down, bilirubin is
picked up by hepatocytes, glucaronic acid is added and eventually becomes bile
65
when hemoglobin is broken down, bile is
converted to urobilinogen in the intestines (some will go to the kidneys)
66
when hemoglobin is broken down, urobilinogen becomes
stercobilin in the digestive tract
67
what is icterus/jaundice?
bilirubin is present in the blood
68
what is responsible for the color of urine?
urobilinogen being processed by the kidneys
69
what is responsible for the color of feces?
stercobilin being eliminated
70
what is anemia?
reduced oxygen-carrying ability in the blood due to a decreased hemoglobin level
71
what are the symptoms of anemia?
fatigue, pale, cold
72
what are the three main causes of anemia?
not making RBCs
destroying RBCs
Losing RBCs
73
what is hemorrhagic anemia?
blood loss leading to a decreased amount of RBCs in the blood
74
hemorrhagic anemia is an example of
losing RBCs
75
what is hemolytic anemia?
RBCs rupture prematurely leading to a decreased amount of RBCs in the blood.
76
What causes hemolytic anemia?
parasites or a transfusion of mismatched blood
77
what is hemolytic anemia an example of?
RBCs being destroyed
78
what is aplastic anemia?
pathology of the red bone marrow leading to low rbc count or malformed rbcs.
79
what causes aplastic anemia?
cancer, radiation, drugs
80
what is aplastic anemia an example of?
RBCs not being made
81
what is dietary anemia?
not enough iron in the blood to carry enough oxygen. Oxygen is needed for production of hemoglobin
82
what is dietary anemia an example of?
RBCs are not being made
83
who is most at risk for dietary anemia?
pregnant women
84
what is pernicious anemia?
a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.
85
Intrinsic factor is needed for
B12 absorption.
86
what is the treatment for pernicious anemia?
B12 injections
87
pernicious anemia is an example of
RBCs not being made
88
what is sickle cell anemia?
genetic disease in which the RBC looses its round shape and sickles. This leads to less oxygen going to the tissues and pain
89
sickle cell anemia is an example of
RBCs being destroyed.
90
what is polycythemia?
abnormal increase of RBCs that increases the viscosity of blood which slows down the flow and eventually decreases the rate of oxygen traveling to the tissues.
91
why would polycythemia occur?
chronic hypoxia as seen in patients with emphysema
92
what is primary polycythemia?
more erythrocytes and the same amount of fluid. Blood becomes thicker
93
what is secondary polycythemia?
same amount of erythrocytes but less fluid.
94
What usually causes secondary polycythemia?
dehydration
95
what is blood doping?
After visiting the mountains, blood is drawn and stored. RBCs are then transfused into the person right before a competition.
96
What is another banned practice in sports?
the use of recombinant erythropoietin.
97
Unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes are
nucleated cells that do not contain hemoglobin
98
What are leukocytes important in?
defense of the body against invaders
99
where are leukocytes formed?
red bone marrow
100
leukocytes are formed from
hemocytoblasts
101
What are the two types of leukocytes?
granular and agranular
102
what are granular WBCs?
cells that have one lobed nucleus within them and have granules in the cytoplasm.
103
What are the different types of granular WBCs?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
104
What are agranular WBCs?
they do not have granules in the cytoplasm and their nuclei are large but not lobed.
105
what are the different typed os agraulocytes?
lymphocytes
| monocytes
106
what color is a neutrophil?
colorless
107
what color is a basophil?
blue
108
what color is a eosinophil?
red
109
what is the pathway for granulocytes?
hemocytoblasts-->myloblasts-->neutrophils, eosinophil or basophil
110
what is the pathway for monocytes?
hemocytoblasts-->monoblast-->monocyte-->macrophage
111
what is the pathway for lymphocytes?
hemocytoblasts-->lymphoblast-->lymphocyte
112
How long do leukocytes live?
a few days except for lymphocytes that can live for months or years
113
The number of WBCs will increase when
there is an infection
114
When there is an infection ________ will occur
leukocytosis
115
What is diapedisis?
The movement of WBCs from the blood to infected tissues
116
How does diapedisis occur?
WBCs slow down, roll over the endotrhelial cells and then squeeze between the cells of the capillaries out of the vessel.
117
what is chemotaxis?
attraction of phagocytes to microbes by chemical stimulus
118
What is the first leukocyte to respond to an infection?
neutrophils
119
What do neutrophils do?
destroys the pathogen by phagocytosis
120
The second leokocyte to arrive at the scene of infection is the
monocytes.
121
What do monocytes do?
enlarge and differentiate into macrophages. They then phagocytize the invaders and clean up debris of dead cells after the infection is over.
122
What is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytosis
123
where are neutrophils made?
red bone marrow
124
where are eosinophils made?
red bone marrow
125
what is the function of eosinophils?
allergies and parasites
126
where are basophils made?
red bone marrow
127
what is the function of basophils?
release of histamine and heparin
128
where are lymphocytes made?
red bone marrow and lymph nodes
129
what is the function of lymphocytes?
making antibodies
130
where are monocytes made?
red bone marrow and lymph nodes
131
what is the function of monocytes?.
phagocytosis
132
what is the order of the leukocytes from most to least?
```
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
```
133
what does cytosis mean?
increased number of
134
what does penia mean?
decreased number of
135
what does philia mean?
increased number of
136
what is infectious mononucleosis?
contagious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Infects lymphocytes leading to an immune response
137
what are the symptoms of mononucleosis?
fever, swollen lymph nodes. Similar to strep throat
138
what is leukemia?
uncontrollable production of WBCs. So many abnormal WBCs are produced that not enough RBCs and platelets can form.
139
What follows leukemia?
anemia and clotting difficulties
140
what is the treatment for leukemia?
radiation, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplants, umbilical cord blood transplantation
141
what are thrombocytes?
fragments of megakaryocytes that will be released into the blood.
142
Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?
no
143
How long to thrombocytes live?
5-10 days
144
megakaryocytes are derived from
hemocytoblasts
145
what is the function of platelets?
preventing blood loss
146
what is hemostasis?
stoppage of bleeding
147
what are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
vascular spasms
platelet plug
coagulation
148
what are vascular spasms?
vasoconstriction locally.
149
Vasoconstriction of the injured vessel
decreases the amount of blood lost.
150
How long does vasoconstriction occur?
minutes to a few hours
151
what is platelet plug formation?
temporary plug made of platelets
152
How long does it take for the platelet plug to form?
1-2 minutes
153
what causes the platelets to stick to the injured site?
platelets swell and their membranes change and become sticky
154
what are the three stages of platelet plug formation?
platelet adhesion
platelet activation
platelet aggregation
155
what is platelet adhesion?
a break in the endothelium leads to thrombocytes adhering to the collagen. Von Willebrand factor is released by damaged endothelial cells and thrombocytes are tacked down
156
what is platelet activation?
prostaglandin is released by thrombocytes and it acts as a chemotaxis for more thrombocytes
157
what is platelet aggregation?
new platelets are attached to existing platelets by fibrinogen
158
During coagulation, what is formed?
a clot
159
what are procoagulants?
substances that enhance the clot formation. Called clotting factors. Circulate in inactive form
160
what are anticoagulants?
substances that inhibit the formation of a clot. Have both endogenous and exogenous anticoagulants.
161
what are some examples of endogenous anticoagulants?
heparin
| antithrombin
162
what are some examples of some exogenous anticoagulants?
Coumadin
warfarin
heparin
EDTA
163
what is Coumadin?
given after a heart attack or stroke
164
what is warfarin?
rat posison
165
what is EDTA?
anticoagulant put in test tubes for blood draw
166
What is the coagulation pathway?
Begins with factor three in the extrinsic pathway and factor 12 in the intrinsic pathway. Along with calcium, they meet in the common pathway and form factor ten. Factor ten releases prothrombinase which conforms prothrombon into thrombin. Thrombin then conforms fibrinogen into fibrin
167
Fibrin strands then:
glue the platelets together and make the basis of the clot.
168
The web-like structure will trap formed elements inside of it and clot formation is normally completed
within 3-6 minutes after damage to the vessel
169
what is retraction?
the clot contracts and this brings the ruptured edges of the vessels closer together.
170
What does fibrinolysis do?
removes the unneeded clot when healing occurs.
171
fibrinolysis begins within
2 days and continues over several days until the clot is dissolved
172
In order for the clot to be dissolved, ________ needs to be activatedq
plasminogen
173
what is plasminogen?
an inactive blood protein
174
what activates plasminogen?
tissue plasminogen activator (t-pa)
175
what is the activated form of plasminogen?
plasmin
176
what is plasmin?
an active enzyme
177
In an emergency situation when a person has formed an abnormal clot that is blocking circulation as in a heart attack,
t-pa or streptokinase can be injected into the blood or introduced at the clot site
178
Does aspirin work as an anticoagulant or activator of plasminogen?
anticoagulant.
179
what is hemophilia?
hereditary deficiencies in clotting factors. Causes spontaneous bleeding
180
Who is mostly affected by hemophilia?
males
181
What is the treatment for hemophilia?
regular blood transfusions or injections of clotting factors
182
what is vitamin k deficiency?
Vitamin K is needed to produce four of the factors in the clotting process
183
what is impaired liver function?
unable to synthesize the procoagulants, even if vitamin K is present
184
who is mostly affected by impaired liver function
those with cirrhosis and hepatitis
185
what is thrombocytopenia?
number of platelets is reduced leading to spontaneous bleeding
186
what causes thrombocytopenia?
bone marrow malignancy, radiation and medication
187
what is DIC?
disseminated intravascular coagulation
188
what are the causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation?
heat stroke, septicemia, pregnancy
189
what is thrombosis?
a clot that develops and persists on a wall of an unbroken vessel
190
what si a thrombus?
the actual clot
191
If the thrombus is large enough,
it may block circulation causing death of tissue
192
what is coronary thrombosis?
blockage occurring in small vessels of the heart
193
what does coronary thrombosis lead to?
myocardial infarction
194
what is an embolus?
a thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood
195
what are the two most common places for a thrombus?
legs and the heart
196
what is the treatment for a myocardial infarction?
low dose aspirin
oxygen
t-pa
nitroglycerin
197
what does aspirin do?
prevents platelet plug from forming
198
what is a transfusion?
transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
199
what is an infusion?
introduction of a fluid other than blood such as saline
200
The surface of RBCs contain genetically determined glycolipids called
antigens
201
what is the ABO system?
system of grouping blood according to the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B
