Respiratory System #2

Question 1

Characteristics of the Trachea

Answer 1

• lined w/ pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
• 4-6 inches long
• acts as an air filter, purifying air we breathe
• C shaped cartilage rings
• moves mucus/particulates up the pharynx to either spit out or swallow

Question 2

Characteristics of the Bronchioles

Answer 2

• lack cartilage in the wall
• contain smooth muscle (influenced by the ANS)

Question 3

Characteristics of Alveoli

Answer 3

• air sacs in the lung
• Type 1 Alveolar: lined with simple squamous epithelium
• Type 2 Alveolar: secretes surfactant
  (substance which reduces surface tension so alveoli wont stick together)
  ~ common in premature babies; Respiratory Stress Syndrome: lack of surfactant

Question 4

Respiratory Membrane:

Answer 4

2 Simple Squamous Epithelial layers
- Basement Membrane: very thin to allow rapid diffusion

Question 5

Tuberculosis

Answer 5

: bacterial disease
- can be airborne, bacteria can be inhaled = set out tubercles in the alveoli

Question 6

Pneumonia

Answer 6

: infection IN the alveolus
- fluid buildup, trying to get oxygen through that decreases the rate of gas exchange/diffusion

Question 7

Respiratory Centers

Answer 7

Pons + Medulla Oblongata
- responsible for normal resp. rate (12-20 breaths p/min)

Question 8

Factors Affecting Resp. Rate

Answer 8

1. Amount of hydrogen ion in the CSF + Blood
   - increased = respiratory rate
2. Partial Pressure of CO2 in the blood
3. Partial Concentration of O2 in the blood
   - decreased in O2 = increased respiratory rate

~ Aortic and Carotid Bodies: detect H+ and CO2 levels, sends info to the pons/medulla oblongata to adjust respi. rate

Question 9

Increase of CO2 =

Answer 9

cause a decrease in pH
- receptors in pons + medulla oblongata will detect a decrease in pH
- the aortic/carotid artery detect increase CO2, stimulate the respiratory center in the pons/medulla

Question 10

Hyperventilate: emotional response

Answer 10

Increase respiratory rate > you will have a decrease amount of CO2 in blood (hypocapnia) > increase in blood pH (Respiratory alkalosis)

Question 11

Corrective measure for Hyperventilation

Answer 11

Breathe into a paper bag
- inhaling + exhaling into the bag you increase the amount of inhaled CO2 , return pH to normal
- help respiratory rate to normal

Question 12

Hypoventilation: sleep apnea

Answer 12

6 breathes per minute (sleep apnea)
- increase amount of H+ in blood = respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Corrective measure for Hypoventilation

Answer 13

Increase respiratory rate, using CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine)
- Increasing respiratory rate, decreases H+ in blood , and restores pH to normal

Question 14

Types of Gas Transport in Blood

Answer 14

• CO2 transport
• O2 Transport

Question 15

Gas Transport in blood; CO2

Answer 15

CO2 transport:
7% dissolved in plasma, 20% bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin), 70% bicarbonate (HCO3-)

• CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3

Question 16

Gas Transport in blood; O2

Answer 16

O2 Transport:
2% dissolved in plasma, 98% attached to hemoglobin (Oxyhemoglobin)

Question 17

Major blood buffer

Answer 17

Bicarbonate
- blood buffer is something that resists change in pH

Question 18

Types of COPD
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Answer 18

• Emphysema
• Chronic Bronchitis
  both of a decreased amount of gas exchange ~ hypoxia (feeling fatigue or death)