Lecture 3 : How Neurons Affect

Question 1

Synapse or “synaptic cleft” :

Answer 1

GAP between two neurons OR a neuron (the axon terminal, muscle cell, gland)

Question 2

withing synaptic vesicle there is…

Answer 2

… Neurotransmitters

Question 3

Neurotransmitters:

Answer 3

: land on neuron receptors (dendrites) OR muscle cell membrane or gland

produced in neurons
-could be
… proteins, amines
- inhibitory (prevent action potential or relaxation of muscle) = slows down H.R
- excitatory (stimulates action potentials or relaxation of muscle) = increases H.R
- BOTH ^: based on receptor type

Question 4

Neurotransmitters Fate :
(what happens after NT has done its job)

Answer 4

1. Re-uptake of NT by presynaptic neuron
2. Enzymatically broken down
3. Diffuse away from synapse

Question 5

Excitatory NT Fate:
Inhibitory NT FAte:

Answer 5

:open sodium channels = start depolarization
:open potassium/chloride channels

Question 6

Type of Neurotransmitters:

Answer 6

1. Acetylocholine (ACH
2. Norepinephrine (NE)
3. Dopamine
4. Endorphins
5. Substance P
6. Endo cannabinoids
7. Adenosine

Question 7

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Acetylocholine

Answer 7

1. Acetylocholine (ACH): excitatory to skeletal muscle
   - ACH E: enzyme that breaks down ACH
   - Botulinum toxin: prevents the release of ACH = flaccid paralysis > diaphragm death
   ~ ACH levels decrease in brain = Alzheimer

Question 8

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Norepinephrine

Answer 8

2. Norepinephrine (NE): (excitatory/inhibitory) involved with the limbic system (emotional center of the brain)
   - Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
   ~ Amphetamines “meth”: release of NE = increase feel good feeling

Question 9

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Dopamine

Answer 9

3. Dopamine: Inhibitory/excitatory, feel good feeling
   ~ Cocaine: blocks the repuptake of dopamine
   ~ Parkinson’s Disease: a deficiency of dopamine production
   ~ Schizophrenia: increase dopamine

Question 10

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Endorphins

Answer 10

4. Endorphins: inhibitory, found in the brain/spinal cord, your body’s own “pain killer”
   - Natural Opiate: inhibit pain by inhibiting substance P
   ~ Morphine, heroin, methadone: mimic endorphins, strongest pain killers, highly addictive

Question 11

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Substance P

Answer 11

5. Substance P: excitatory NT in the brain for pain perception (sprain ankle)

Question 12

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Endocannabinoids

Answer 12

6. Endocannabinoids: in marijuana, inhibitory

Question 13

Types of Neurotransmitters:
Adenosine

Answer 13

7. Adenosine: strong inhibitor in the brain
   ~ Caffeine: blocks adenosine receptors = decrease inhibition creating a stimulant on the nervous system