Carbohydrate + Protein Metabolism

Question 1

Carbohydrate Metabolism
- pathway

Answer 1

1. Breakdown of food (noodles [starch] > amylase > monosaccharides)
   - ALL are water soluble
2. Capillaries in the S.I
3. Hepatic portal vein
4. Liver; absorb all nutrients
5. bloodstream

Question 2

Carbohydrate Metabolism
- liver pathway

Answer 2

1. Liver
   - pass Glucose into general circulation
   - Glycogenesis; converting glucose into glycogen
   - Lipogenesis; convert glucose into fat

Question 3

Blood Glucose Regulation

Answer 3

• Hormonally controlled
  1. INSULIN: after eating carbs there’s an increase in blood glucose levels. In response insulin is secreted and lowers B.G levels by causing cellular uptake of glucose

2. GLUCAGON: it gets secreted when BG levels are dropping due to a lack of dietary intake of carbs. Glucagon will then increase BG levels by promoting either
   - glycogenolysis: glycogen > glucose
   - gluconeogenesis: protein + glycerol > glucose

Question 4

Why is it Important to Maintain Blood Glucose Levels?

Question 5

Normal Fasting BG levels

Answer 5

70-110 mg/dl

Question 6

Diabetes Type 1

Answer 6

lacks insulin =
- hyperglycemia; 300 mg/dl

problems:
- mental fatigue bc there isn’t enough glucose entering the cells
- viscous blood; increase concentration in blood, doesn’t flow well = strain on heart/vessels

Question 7

Protein Metabolism
- pathway

Answer 7

1. Breakdown of protein; protein > trypsin > amino acids
2. absorbed by the capillaries in the SI
3. Hepatic portal vein
4. Liver
   - Protein Synthesis
   - Deamination; removal of amine group
   - glucogenesis
   - lipogenesis