Digestive System #1

Question 1

Functions of the Digestive System

Answer 1

1. Ingestion: taking food into the body
2. Propulsion: moving food along the tract
3. Digest: breakdown nutrients into smaller particles (polymer-> monomers)
4. Absorption; of nutrients in the GI tract into the blood stream or lymphatic system
5. Defection: eliminating indigestible substances (fiber or cellulose)

Question 2

Peristalsis

Answer 2

wavelike contractions

Question 3

Breakdown of nutrients
- example: Rice

Answer 3

Rice; Starch > glucose molecules
Chicken; protein > amino acids
Fat; triglyceride > fatty acids/glycerol

Question 4

Types of Digestions

Answer 4

1. Mechanical Digestion
2. Chemical Digestion

Question 5

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 5

Physically breaking food down
- ex: chewing

Question 6

Chemical Digestion

Answer 6

enzymes; specific proteins, sensitive to pH

Question 7

Digestive Tract Anatomy

Answer 7

Mouth > pharynx > esophagus > [cardia sphincter] > stomach > [pyloric sphincter] > small intestines > large intestine > sigmoid colon > rectum > anal canal

Question 8

Small intestine anatomy

Answer 8

• Duodenum (connects the stomach to SI)
• Jejunum (middle section of the SI)
• Ileum (bottom part of the SI, connects to the cecum of the LI)

Question 9

Involuntary and voluntary parts of the Digestive Tract

Answer 9

• Involuntary; smooth muscle of the Large intestines
• Voluntary; skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter

Question 10

Digestive Organs

Answer 10

1. Liver
2. Gall bladder
3. Pancreas

Question 11

Liver:

Answer 11

aka “hepato”, located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity + 4 lobes

• produces bile (through the hepatic ducts): bile is an emulsifier by mixing fat and water together
• detoxififes blood, alcohol, drugs
• stores Iron, Vit. A,D,E,K
• stores glycogen (stored carbohydrates)
• synthesis Albumins + Fibrinogen (blood clotting)
• urea (amino acids for energy) synthesis
• produces Lipoproteins, LDLs/ADLs

Question 12

Issues with the Liver
- conditions

Answer 12

1. Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver due to a virus
   - Hep A; from sewage, contaminated water
   - Hep B; from blood and sexual contact
2. Cirrhosis: chronic disease
   - fatty, fibrosis liver causing it to die
   - due to alcohol abuse
3. Jaundice: yellow pigment to the skin and eyes
   - due to damaged liver

Question 13

Gall Bladder:

Answer 13

aka “cholecyst”, beneath the liver (underside)
- function is to store bile
- has the cystic duct
- can be removed; called Cholecystectomy

Question 14

Issues with the Gallbladder

Answer 14

1. Gall Stones: made up of cholesterol + salts
   - painful and blocks the cystic duct

Question 15

Pancreas:

Answer 15

• has the pancreatic duct
• purpose is to secrete many enzymes and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
• secretion happens at the common bile duct
• secretes digestive enzymes; sucrase, maltase, peptidase, lipase
• Produces sodium bicarbonate: acts an antacid to neutralize the HCI from the acid

Question 16

Pathway of enzyme secretion of the Pancreas

Answer 16

secretion happens at the hepatic duct and cystic duct forming the ‘common bile duct’
- then go through the hepatopancreatic sphincter then to the -> duedenum