((L.E #3)) Respiratory System #1 + Pharynx/Larynx

Question 1

Purpose of Respiratory System

Answer 1

1. Vocalization
2. Gas Exchange (O2 in CO2 out = aerobic cellular respiration)
3. pH Balance

Question 2

What system controls the Respiratory System

Answer 2

controlled by the Nervous System
- pons + medulla oblongata regulates how/often we breathe

Question 3

(list the) Processes involved with Respiration

Answer 3

1. Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
2. External Respiration
3. Transport of Gases
4. Internal Respiration

Question 4

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 4

:One of the processes involved with Respiration
- deals with the transportation of the gases from and out the lungs
– Inspiration: aka “inhale” taking gases moving INTO the lung – Expiration: aka “exhalation”gases OUT of the lung
- relies on the diaphragm + intercostals (between ribs)

Question 5

Diaphragm
- characteristics

Answer 5

Major breathing muscle
- controlled by the phrenic nerve

Question 6

External Respiration

Answer 6

:One of the processes involved with Respiration
- deals with the diffusion (high to low conc.) of gases
ex:
O2 diffuses from the lung INTO the blood
CO2 diffuses blood INTO the lungs

Question 7

Transport of Gases

Answer 7

:One of the processes involved with Respiration
-Heart (pumping gases) + vessels
- >O2 on the hemoglobin of RBC
-> CO2 from cells to lungs

Question 8

Internal Respiration

Answer 8

:One of the processes involved with Respiration
- deals with the diffusion of O2 from the RBC into the cells of the body
- or for CO2 it is diffused from the cells into the blood

Question 9

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Answer 9

1. Nasal Cavity
2. Respiratory Pathway

Question 10

Nasal Cavity (a)natomy)

Answer 10

(A) Conchae, Superior, Middle, Inferior
- ALL composed of capillarie beds + goblet cells (lining those bones)
- it humidifies warm/clean the air we breathe

(A) –> Paranasal sinuses
[frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary]
- function is to lighten the skull + humidify warm/clean air
~ Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinus due to a bacterial infection causing pressure (headache)
~ Cold Virus: allergens (ex. cat dander) inflammation of the nasal mucosa causing lots of drainage/mucus

Question 11

Function of Antihistamine

Answer 11

dry up the mucus membranes

Question 12

Respiratory Pathway (order)

Answer 12

Nasal cavity > sinuses > pharynx (throat) > larynx (voicbox) > trachea (windpipe) > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > brochioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory brochioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli (air sacs, gas exchange occurs)

Question 13

Trends During Respiratory Pathway

Answer 13

1. Decrease in diameter size of the passageway
   - trachea (dime diameter) > alveolar duct (hair follicle size)
2. Change in Tissue
   - trachea (hyaline cartilage), bronchioles (smooth muscle)
3. Changes in the Lining
   - Trachea, Bronchioles, Alveoli

Question 14

Trachea is lined with what?

Answer 14

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/goblet cells “air filter” catch debris

Question 15

Bronchioles is lined with what?

Answer 15

simple cuboidal epithelium, doenst act as a filter

Question 16

Alveoli is lined with what?

Answer 16

simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange to occur (rapid diffusion)

Question 17

Parts of the Pharynx aka “throat

Answer 17

1. Nasopharynx: starts at the back of nose and ends where the uvula is at
   - includes the Eustachian tube
2. Oropharynx: back of mouth
   - includes palatine tonsils
3. Laryngopharynx: a common passageway for food/gases + strep throat

Question 18

Parts of Larynx “voicebox”

Answer 18

: supported by the hyoid bone + consists of hyaline cartilage

1. Thyroid Cartilage: has the laryngeal prominence “adams apple”
2. Circoid Cartilage
3. Vocal Cords

Major piece of cartilage that is really functional:
- Epiglottis ; covers the glottis (an opening in the larynx)

Question 19

Epiglottis characteristics

Answer 19

helps prevent choking
- when swallowing the epiglottis covers the glottis and directs food into the esophagus
- epiglottis up = breathing position
- epiglottis down = swallowing

Question 20

Choking Solutions

Answer 20

choke = lodge in the glottis
1. Hemilich maneuver
2. Tracheotomy: vertical incision into trachea

Question 21

Vocal Cords in the Larynx

Answer 21

: made up of elastic connective tissue which vibrates
- Puberty: causes tissue to thicken especially in males
- False Cords: outside the vocal cords by supporting them

Question 22

Laryngitis:

Answer 22

: an inflammation of the True Vocal Cords = decrease ability to vibrate the cords causing a “hoarse voice”

Question 23

Laryngeal Cancer:

Answer 23

: cancer of the larynx due to smoking or poor air quality
- removal of the larynx is necessary

Question 24

Characteristics of the Trachea “windpipe”

Answer 24

• 4-6 inches long
• acts as an air filter, purifying air we breathe
• C shaped cartilage rings
• moves mucus/particulates up the pharynx to either spit out or swallow