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Human physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

hypoxemia

A

reduced oxygen being carried in the blood

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2
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen in the tissues

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3
Q

hypercapnia

A

retention of carbon dioxide

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4
Q

what is the respiratory system split up into?

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

what is in the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, the pharynx, the larynx

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6
Q

what is in the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, lungs and all segments in the bronchial tree

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7
Q

function of the nasal cavity

A
  • humidifies the air before its gets to the lungs
  • small hairs (cilia) act as a filter, removing dirt and particles before the air enters the lungs
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8
Q

pharynx function

A
  • pass through air and food
  • role in speech
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9
Q

larynx function

A

essential to human speech

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10
Q

trachea function

A

main airway to the lungs

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11
Q

lungs function

A

provides oxygen to the capillaries and exhales carbon dioxide

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12
Q

bronchi function

A

create the network of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air

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13
Q

diaphragm function

A

main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow air into the lungs

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14
Q

what are conducting zones?

A

movement of air through respiratory system

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15
Q

what are conducting airways?

A

move air to areas for gas exchange

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16
Q

cilia function

A

allows protective layers

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17
Q

goblet cells function

A

secrete mucus which coats the respiratory epithelia which collects foreign particles

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18
Q

2 adaptations of the airways

A
  • smooth muscle underlies the lumen surfaces
  • cartilage support is present until the bronchioles
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19
Q

musociliary escalator

A

the end of the cilia move the gel layer towards the mouth, the cilia then detach and move backwards through the periciliary layer before reattaching and starting the process again.

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20
Q

adaptations of the trachea

A
  • a flexible and mobile tube
  • 16-20 C shaped rings of cartilage ( can expand and flatten)
  • strengthens and prevents collapse
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21
Q

what is the lungs divided into?

A
  • three lobes on the left lung
  • two lobes on the right lung
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22
Q

pleura

A

the serous membranes that line the lungs and thoracic cavity

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23
Q

2 types of pleura

A

visceral and parietal

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24
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs - vital for inhalation and exhalation

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25
Q

parietal pleura

A

covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity

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26
Q

pleura cavity

A

space between the viscera and parietal pleura

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27
Q

two functions of the pleura cavity

A
  • lubricates the pleurae: allowing them to slide over each other
  • creates surface tension: pulls the visceral and parietal pleura close to each other, which prevents the lungs collapsing when we exhale.
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28
Q

bronchioles functions

A
  • the bronchioles dilate to permit greater airflow
  • bronchioles can constrict to prevent the pollution of the lungs
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29
Q

respiratory zone

A

where gas exchange occurs

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30
Q

adaptations of the respiratory zone

A
  • thin membrane
  • alveolus made up of type 1 alveolar cells: flat and thin, allows efficient gas exchange
  • type 1 alveolar cells: secretes surfactant, prevents lungs from collapsing
  • alveolar macrophages - defence
  • lots of elastic fibres
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31
Q

alveoli

A

the final branching of the respiratory tree and act as the primary gas exchange units of the lung.

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32
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the body via the alveoli and the bloodstream

33
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body

34
Q

inspiration

A

contraction of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm, increases volume of the chest cavity (active process)

35
Q

expiration

A

relaxation of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm, decreases volume of chest cavity (passive or active process)

36
Q

3 main regions of the respiratory centre

A
  1. Ventral respiratory group
  2. Dorsal respiratory group
  3. Pontine respiratory centres
37
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

sets the basic rhythm

38
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

integrates receptor information and modifies VRG

39
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

fine tunes breathing rhythm (eg: talking, sleeping)

40
Q

lung compliance

A

the change in lung volume at a given pressure

41
Q

3 factors that make up elastic resistance

A

surface tension, elastic tissue, thoracic cage

42
Q

elastic tissue

A

made up of elastin, contributes to recoil, pulls airways open during inspiration, prevents airway collapse during expiration

43
Q

surface tension (Alveolar)

A

forms layer between gas and air, surface tension lowered by surfactant

44
Q

thoracic cage

A

pressure within the chest, if movement is restricted- ventilation will be impaired.

45
Q

cells within the respiratory system

A

ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells.

46
Q

ciliated epithelial cells

A

propel mucus up the airway to be coughed up- cilia helps this.

47
Q

goblet cells

A
  • secretes mucin and create a protective mucus layer
  • protects lining of trachea and bronchi by trapping dust and micro-organisms (prevents infection)
48
Q

basal cells

A

provide an attachment site for ciliated and goblet cells to the basal lamina (lining of the respiratory tract)

49
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A
  • compromise the major gas exchange surface area
  • 95% of the alveolar surface
  • help maintain the permeability of the membrane
49
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A
  • surfactant production, lubricates surfaces
  • 5% of the alveolar surface
  • maintenance of lung fluid balance
50
Q

what should our oxygen saturation levels be?

A

96-100%

51
Q

normal resting respiratory rate for an adult?

A

12-18

52
Q

reduced gaseous exchange leads to

A

decreased O2 in the bloodstream

53
Q

pathological illnesses related

A

COPD, lung cancer, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis

54
Q

reduced lung capacity leads to

A

decreased gaseous exchange, prevents full inspiration and lung expansion

55
Q

pneumothorax

A

collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity

56
Q

pleural effusion

A

increase in fluid in the pleural space

57
Q

chronic bronchitis

A
  • inflammation of the bronchi, hyper secretion of muscus by goblet cells.
  • air becomes trapped and gaseous exchange is affected
58
Q

emphysema

A

permanent abnormal enlargement of the alveoli
toxins cause inflammation of the type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

59
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled above normal quiet inhalation

60
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air in/out of lungs during quiet breathing

61
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximal volume of air that can be exhaled above normal quiet exhalation

62
Q

residual volme

A

volume of air remaining in lungs following maximal exhalation

63
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximal volume that can be inhaled following normal quiet exhalation

64
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation

65
Q

vital capacity

A

total volume that can be exhaled following maximum inhalation

66
Q

COPD patient signs

A

shortness of breath, increased respiratory rate and hyperinflated lungs

67
Q

COPD appearance on images

A

hyperinflation of lungs, barrel-chest appearance, flattening of the hemi- diaphragms

68
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary disorder, lung congestion, infection of nutrients by the pancreas

69
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of alveoli caused by infection

70
Q

radiographic appearance of pneumonia

A
  • increased opacification - areas with white haziness
  • often confined within a lobe (one region)
  • inflammatory secretions from the alveoli
71
Q

tuberculosis

A

can affect any organ in the body, symptoms include: chronic cough, blood in the sputum, weight loss

72
Q

radiographic appearance of tuberculosis

A

scar tissue

73
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

lung disease caused by breathing in certain kinds of dust particles

74
Q

silicosis

A

long term lung disease caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust

75
Q

bronchiectasis

A

long term condition where the airways of lungs become widened

76
Q

pancoast tumour

A

apical region of lungs, near clavicles

77
Q

four properties of the alveoli that make them adapted to gas exchange

A

large surface area, thin membranes, more capillaries, produces surfactant

Human physiology (12 decks)

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