cardiovascular system

Question 1

main characteristics of arteries

Answer 1

1. thick muscular walls
2. lumen changes in size
3. no valves
4. carries blood away from heart

Question 2

why does the lumen change size in arteries?

Answer 2

to maintain blood pressure

Question 3

main characteristics of veins

Answer 3

1. contains valves
2. thinner walls
3. located closer to the surface of body
4. carries blood back to the heart

Question 4

heart structure

Answer 4

4 chambers
top chambers - atria
bottom chambers - ventricles
right hand side- deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left hand side- oxygenated blood around the body
3 layers of tissue: epicardium, myocardium + endocardium

Question 5

blood pressure definition

Answer 5

force applied to a unit area of blood vessel wall by its contained blood. It has a systolic and diastolic

Question 6

normal blood pressure of a healthy adult

Answer 6

120/80

Question 7

normal resting heart rate range of an adult

Answer 7

60-80 bpm

Question 8

atherosclerosis

Answer 8

arteries become marked, hardened and thickened, losing elasticity.

Question 9

myocardial infarction

Answer 9

the death of an area due to interrupted blood supply. the lack of oxygen is so severe the tissue dies.

Question 10

angiography

Answer 10

how we diagnose and treat narrowing vessels

Question 11

coronary angiography

Answer 11

1.determine location and severity of blocked coronary artery
2. contrast media is injected (+ clot dissolving medication) through a catheter in the femoral artery up to the coronary artery
3. X-ray is used to create images of the blocked vessels so can be treated or bypassed with the use of a stent

Question 12

angioplasty

Answer 12

procedure used to dilate artery and restore blood flow, also used to determine location of stenosis

Question 13

pacemakers

Answer 13

sends electrical impulses to the heart to ensure correct rhythm, then follow up x-rays are performed post insertion to check positioning of leads

Question 14

bradycardia

Answer 14

pacemaker for people with a slow heart rate

Question 15

tachycardia

Answer 15

pacemaker for people with a fast heart rate

Question 16

pulmonary embolism

Answer 16

prevents blood flow to the lungs

Question 17

Aneurysms

Answer 17

thick, weakened section of arterial or venous wall that bulges out. Ultrasounds are used to determine positioning and size of aneurysm

Question 18

Types of aneurysms

Answer 18

Saccular- one side of arterial wall
fusiform- bulging in the entire circumference

Question 19

Embolization

Answer 19

Treatment that stops the blood flow to an abnormal vessel

Question 20

Haemostasis

Answer 20

The process of the stoppage of bleeding

Question 21

cardiomegaly

Answer 21

an enlarged heart

Question 22

dextrocardia

Answer 22

a congenital condition where the heart is on the right side instead of the left

Question 23

cardiac output

Answer 23

amount of blood pumped out by ventricles in one minute

Question 24

what should the CTR be?

Answer 24

2:1

Question 25

systole

Answer 25

the phase of heartbeat where muscle contracts

Question 26

diastole

Answer 26

periods of relaxation

Question 27

intrinsic control (cardiac cycle)

Answer 27

spreading events are coordinated by specialised myocytes that have unstable membrane potentials

Question 28

what is the most unstable membrane potential?

Answer 28

sinoatrial node

Question 29

sinoatrial node function

Answer 29

initiates the start of the cardiac cycle

Question 30

what is the primary sensory receptor in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 30

baroreceptors

Question 31

baroreceptors function

Answer 31

maintains pressure within our body, respond to the stretch of blood vessel

Question 32

chemoreceptors function

Answer 32

help to match cardiac output to rate of ventilation

Question 33

receptors for hormonal control

Answer 33

adrenalin and noradrenalin

Question 34

where is adrenalin released in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 34

from the blood

Question 35

where is noradrenalin released in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 35

from the nerve endings

Question 36

what are the two measures of outputs in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 36

stroke volume and cardiac output

Question 37

stroke volume definition

Answer 37

the volume of blood leaving the heart each beat

Question 38

cardiac output definition

Answer 38

the volume of blood leaving the heart per minute ( 5L at rest)

eq: cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 39

preload definition

Answer 39

degree of stretch on the ventricles before they contract from blood returning to the heart

Question 40

afterload definition

Answer 40

degree of stretch of the ventricles before they contact from blood leaving the heart

Question 41

what factors affect contractility?

Answer 41

• alignment of actin and myosin
• removing tropomyosin

Question 42

names of the atrioventricular valves of the heart

Answer 42

tricuspid (right) + bicuspid (left)

Question 43

how do valves prevent the back flow of blood?

Answer 43

papillary muscles contract and pull on the heart strings, this prevents valves folding back into the atria under high pressure

Question 44

chordae tendineae function

Answer 44

prevents the eversion of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves during ventricular contraction

Question 45

papillary muscle function

Answer 45

can resist the pressure of blood forcing valves to turn inside out when ventricles contract

Question 46

what is the coronary circulation?

Answer 46

the chambers of the heart own blood circulation

Question 47

why does the chambers of the heart need its own blood supply?

Answer 47

as the heart muscle is too thick to allow diffusion

Question 48

why are mycoses relation on diastole for oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 48

as the contraction of the heart muscle during systole reduces blood flow therefore unable to remove any further oxygen and nutrients.