Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human physiology > muscle system > Flashcards

muscle system Flashcards

1
Q

function of muscle

A
  1. contract transiently and move the skeleton or fluids
  2. maintain a state of tone for support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two types of muscle

A

striated and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

striated muscle

A

striations running across the fibre, due to the arrangement of fibres and the contractile proteins contained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is striated muscle found

A

skeleton ( support and movement) and cardiac muscle (rhythmic contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

smooth muscle

A

no clear structure - plain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

around hollow organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

connective tissue sheet

A

external to epimysium and holds muscles together and separates them into functional groups - muscular fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

layers of connective tissue coverings

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

epimysium (outer layer)

A

surrounds a whole muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

perimysium (middle layer)

A

denser ct surrounding a group of muscle fibres, allowing transmission of tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endomysium (inner layer)

A

loose CT with reticular fibres (network of nerves and blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

muscle fibres

A

elongated multinucleate cell, contain a large number of rod-like myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

myofibrils

A

organised protein components, composed of bundles of myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of muscle fibres

A

type I, IIa, IIb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

type I

A

long distance, slow twitch, more resistant to fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type 2A

A

middle distance, fast twitch oxidative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type 2B

A

sprints, fast twitch glycolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sarcomeres

A

highly ordered repeating units of myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T tubule

A

wrap around the myofibril underneath the membrane, release ions to SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum

A

channel along the full length of the fibril filled with calcium, signals contraction initiation of the sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

contractile proteins (2 types)

A

thick and thin filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thick filament

A

bundle of myosin molecules, ATPase activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thin filament

A

two strands of f-actin with spaced Ca++ regulatory proteins: troponin and tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cross-bridge cycling

A

interaction of thick and thin filaments which creates contraction, iniated by the release of Ca++ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sliding filament theory

A
  • during contraction the I-band (thin) is reduced but the A-band doesn’t,
  • associated with the two filaments sliding past each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

motor end plate activates the muscle fibre by releasing a neurotransmitter - acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

function of nmj

A

synaptic vessels, contains neurotransmitter- acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

excitation- contraction coupling

A

Ca++ entry allows the actin to alter the position of troponin which enables an attachment to myosin heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

relaxation (how muscles relax)

A

Ca++ dissociates from troponin, and is transported back into the SR via the action of ARC app put, no binding sites remain so cannot make a cross-bridge connection

30
Q

3 types of mechanics of movement

A

concentric, isometric, eccentric

31
Q

length-tension relationship

A

full range of motion of a muscle where the greatest tension can be generated with optimal cross-bridge formations

32
Q

concentric muscle contraction

A

force is generated when the muscle shortens (e.g: bicep curl)

33
Q

isometric muscle contraction

A

force is generated with a change in muscle (eg: holding a heavy object)

34
Q

eccentric muscle contraction

A

force is generated as the muscle is lengthened (eg: pushing down an object very slowly)

35
Q

4 functions of muscle

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity

36
Q

excitability

A

ability of muscle to respond to stimuli

37
Q

contractibility

A

ability of muscle to contract or shorten its size

38
Q

extensibility

A

ability of muscle to stretch

39
Q

elasticity

A

ability of muscles to return to original length after stretching

40
Q

peristalsis

A

contraction of the colon and the GI tract down to the anus

41
Q

thermogenesis

A

repetitive contractions of muscle to produce heat

42
Q

process of peristalsis muscle movement

A
  • inner circular muscles squeeze and expand in a synchronised way to push food through the intestines while the outer longitudinal muscles propel bolus forward.
  • segmentation occurs in your digestive system, but only in the intestines
43
Q

muscularis propria

A

circular and longitudinal muscles collectively

44
Q

process of peristalsis segmentation

A

activates circular muscles in your intestines that contract to move food back and “churn” the chyme with digestive juices

45
Q

process of circulation

A

Involuntary muscles contract and relax to regulate blood pressure. The muscles contract to also redirect blood to areas of the body where it is needed.

46
Q

parts of a muscle

A

body, origin, insertion

47
Q

avulsion fracture

A

when a muscle contracts quickly it can cause the tendon to pull of part of the bone. Common in paediatric pelvis’ with children playing lots of sports

48
Q

colonic transit study

A

patients with chronic constipation will take radio-opaque capsule to see if they are expelled from the body after 5 days

49
Q

symptoms of muscular dystrophy

A

frequent falls, difficulty rising from a sitting and lying position

50
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle, walls of the heart chambers have become stretched, thickened or stiff

51
Q

first degree heart block

A

least severe, electrical signals slow down as they move from your atria to your ventricles

52
Q

second degree heart block

A

electrical signals between your atria and ventricles can intermittently fail to conduct

53
Q

third degree heart block

A

most severe could lead to a heart attack

54
Q

what causes heart block?

A

coronary heart disease, congenital (present at birth), cardiomyopathy

55
Q

pacemaker

A

sends out electrical impulses to regulate heart rhythm

56
Q

fibromyalgia

A

pain all over the body

57
Q

strengths of MRI

A
  • provides better soft tissue contrast than CT
  • can differentiate between fat, water, muscle and other soft tissue
  • non-ionising radiation
58
Q

weaknesses of MRI

A
  • longer scan times
  • problematic in patients with claustrophobia
  • long waiting lists
59
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

60
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of muscular tissue

61
Q

myoma

A

a tumour consisting of muscle tissue

62
Q

myoplasty

A

surgical repair of a muscle

63
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of organ or tissue

64
Q

hypertrophy

A

excess of growth of muscle tissue

65
Q

electromyography

A

used in diagnosing muscle pathologies

66
Q

define a tissue and give an example (2)

A

a group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function. Eg: connective tissue

67
Q

define disease (1)

A

any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body

68
Q

name the 4 properties of muscle (4)

A
  • excitability: the ability to respond to stimuli
  • contractility: ability of muscle to contract or shorten its size
  • extensibility: ability of muscle to stretch
  • elasticity: ability of muscles to return to original length after stretching
69
Q

describe the structure of a vertebral disc and explain what happens when a patient encounters a “slipped disc”

A

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
defect in structure of annulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulpous to protrude. can press on nerve root

70
Q

what is the gold standard imaging modality for diagnosing cauda equina syndrome?

A

MRI

71
Q

describe the process of atherosclerosis

A
  • damage to arterial walls and build up of plaque
  • caused by a stimuli such as high blood pressure
  • when arterial wall is damaged, endothelial cells produce receptors
  • white blood cells then stick to arterial wall, attracting substances such as cholesterol increasing the amount of plaque inside of the artery
  • leading to a stenosis or occlusion of the artery
72
Q

4 risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

high blood pressure, diet high in salt, stress and genetics

Human physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions