Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human physiology > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

physical barriers of protection

A

skin mucous, cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chemical barriers of protection

A

saliva, stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mechanical barriers of protection

A

cell turnover, mechanical cleansing, low skin temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cellular barriers of protection

A

lymphocytes, granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

innate immune system

A

inbuilt, doesn’t need to be learned- involves the actions of physical, chemical, some cellular barriers and inflammation response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

adaptive immune system

A

specific, involves the action of lymphocytes to produce a specific antibody response to the invading pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

skin

A

impermeable barrier, secretes anti-microbial peptides to kill unwanted pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cilia

A

vibrate to push mucous up to the oesophagus, mucous traps invading pathogens (mucociliary escalator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mechanical cleansing

A

removal of old or damaged cells from the skin surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

low skin temperature

A

creation of an inhospitable environment for growth of many pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

saliva

A

contains lysozymes, which can break down the cell wall of bacteria.

contains immunoglobin, which can attach to an invading pathogen and inhibit its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stomach acid

A

extremely low pH, makes it an inhospitable environment for pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functions of inflammation

A

limits the spread of infection, prevents further damage, removes harmful agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of cell-mediated immunity

A
  • destruction of pathogens by white blood cells
  • destruction of the bodies infected cells by T cells
  • release of cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary organs of the immune system

A

bone marrow and the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secondary organs of the immune system

A

lymph nodes, spleen, lymph tissues and cutaneous immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 parts of lymphatic system

A
  • a network of lymphatic vessels
  • fluid contained within: lymph
  • lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

process of innate immune response

A
  • infected cell that died will release signal to other cells, stimulates nearby mast cells to degranulate
  • capillaries in the area dilute and become more permeable to allow more fluid and immune cells to the area:- acute inflammatory response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4 fundamental symptoms of inflammation

A

redness, pain, heat, swelling

20
Q

inflammation definition

A

tissue injury caused by physical/chemical agent or pathogenic microorganism

21
Q

heat caused by

A

capillary widening which causes increased blood flow

22
Q

redness and swelling is caused by

A

increased permeability, where fluid is released into tissues

23
Q

tenderness is caused by

A

attraction of leukocytes where extravasation occurs (leakage into the surrounding tissue)

24
Q

pain is caused by

A

a systemic response, fever and proliferation of leukocytes

25
Q

processes of inflammation

A

1- vasodilation, increased permeability of vessels
2- fibrin formation, phagocyte migration, chemical mediators
3- pus formation, abscess occurs if unable to drain (intervention may occur to stop spread of infection)

26
Q

e.g. of the body’s barriers to infection

A

epidermis of the skin, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia, saliva, urine, ear wax

27
Q

eg harmful bacteria

A

MRSA and c.difficile

28
Q

exotoxin

A

secreted by bacteria, causes damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism

29
Q

endotoxin

A

released into the circulation upon disruption of the intact bacteria

30
Q

enterotoxin

A

affect the intestines and lead to reduced fluid re-uptake in the large intestine, leads to diarrhoea and fluid imbalance

31
Q

eg viruses

A

norovirus, influenza and chickenpox

32
Q

fungi

A

organisms that live on hosts that can be alive or dead and reproduce by spores

33
Q

parasites

A

live on or in another plant or animal, known as the host

34
Q

protozoa

A

single-celled organisms that live in water and damp conditions, eg: malaria

35
Q

inflammation

A

body’s protective response against infection and is a complex cellular process involving various types of immune cells, clotting proteins and signalling molecules

36
Q

acute inflammation

A

body’s immediate and adaptive response, which causes the area to appear red, warm and swollen. It has a short duration

37
Q

eg acute inflammation

A

frostbite, lacerations, bite and burns

38
Q

chronic inflammation

A

lasts a long period of time and usually has a negative impact on quality of life. measured by a presence of a protein in the blood known as CRP

39
Q

eg chronic inflammation

A

cancer, chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthitis

40
Q

process of chain of infection

A

mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host, infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit

41
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, this produces poor cilia movement. acute- up to 10 days, chronic-more than 3 months

42
Q

pneumonia

A

infection that affects one or both lungs, causes alveoli to fill up with fluid or pus

43
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

long term autoimmune disorder which primarily affects small joints

44
Q

gout

A

crystal induced arthritis, caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints

45
Q

sepsis

A

when your immune system overreacts to an infection and starts to damage your body’s own tissues and organs

46
Q

sepsis six care bundle

A
  1. give o2 to keep stats above 94%
  2. take blood cultures, to see where the infection is stemming from
  3. give IV antibiotics
  4. give a fluid challenge
  5. measure serum lactate
  6. measure urine output

( completed within an hour)

Human physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions