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Human physiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

General and specific

1
Q

functions of the nervous system

A

interprets internal and external signals , facilitates coordination, reflex reactions

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2
Q

what does the nervous system coordinate with?

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what does the CNS do

A

process sensory information

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary movements

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7
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system consist of

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

sympathetic

A

“fight or flight”

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9
Q

parasympathetic

A

“rest or digest”

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10
Q

motor neurons

A

CNS to muscle and glands

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11
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry signals from the receptors in the body to the spinal cord

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12
Q

sympathetic actions eg

A

pupils dilate, inhibits salivation, relaxes bronchi, increases heartrate

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13
Q

parasympathetic actions eg

A

constricts pupils, stimulates saliva flow, contricts bronchi, slows heart rate

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14
Q

relay neurons

A

carry messages from one part of the CNS to another

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15
Q

dendrites

A

large surface area, collection information from other neurons and passes it to the cell body

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16
Q

myelin sheath

A

speeds up conduction

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17
Q

resting potential of a membrane

A

-70 mV

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18
Q

voltage- gated ion channels

A

respond to a change in cell membrane potential

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19
Q

ligand- gated ion channels

A

respond to specific neurotransmitters and other molecules

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20
Q

mechanically gates ion channels

A

respond to changes in the mechanical force on the membrane

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21
Q

saltatory conduction

A

in myelinated neurons, the signal ‘jumps’ along the axon via the nodes of ranvier

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22
Q

A fibres

A

myelinated with a large diameter - 300mph

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23
Q

B fibres

A

light myelination with medium diameter - 30 mph

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24
Q

C fibres

A

no myelination with small diameter- 2 mph

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25
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives sensory information- proprioreceptors (muscles, joints and tendons) and sensory information from the skin up from the thalamus

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26
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

integrates sensory information from primary somatosensory cortex to relate back to past experience

27
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

integrates sensory information from primary somatosensory cortex to relate back to past experience, brings in prior knowledge

28
Q

primary motor cortex

A

controls previse voluntary movement

29
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decision making

30
Q

premotor cortex

A

related to planning, learned skilled motor activity

31
Q

neuromuscular disorder eg

A

muscular dystrophy

32
Q

neurodevelopmental disorder eg

A

autism

33
Q

infection-related disorder eg

A

meningitis (membranes of the brain)

34
Q

auto-immune disorder eg

A

multiple sclerosis

35
Q

vascular disorder eg

A

vascular dementia (shrinking of the brain tissue)

36
Q

psychological disorder eg

A

depression

37
Q

dementia related disorder eg

A

alzheimers

38
Q

trauma related disorder eg

A

brain haemorrhage

39
Q

red flag symptoms defintion

A

serious condition symptoms that could indicate a spinal cord compression, metastatic disease or cauda equina

40
Q

symptoms of red flag

A

night sweats, unintentional weight loss, bilateral weakness

41
Q

cauda equina syndrome (CES)

A

dysfunctional of multiple lumbar and sacral nerve roots

42
Q

herniated intervertebral disc

A

defect in annulus fibrosis, the pulpous protrudes out of the disk and impinges on a nerve root

43
Q

herniated disc symptoms

A

sharp pain down the legs, numbness or weakness down one side of leg/arm

44
Q

treatments of back pain

A

analgesia (pain relief), muscle relaxants, preventative measures (lifestyle changes), surgery and physiotherapy

45
Q

what imaging modality is used on spinal cord injuries?

A

usually MRI

46
Q

what imaging modality is used on stokes?

A

CT

47
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

anterior slippage of a vertebral body in relation to the one below, can occur anywhere in the vertebral column

48
Q

hemorrrhagic stroke

A

bleed on the brain, usually caused by trauma

49
Q

ischemic stroke

A

loss of blood supply, symptoms of hypertension and atherosclerosis

50
Q

why do we need to differentiate the difference between hemorrhagic and ischameic strokes asap?

A

as ischaemic stroke patients are given clot bursting drugs

51
Q

subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

bleeding in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane

52
Q

subdural hematoma

A

collection of blood that forms on the surface of the brain

53
Q

extradural haemorrhage

A

an acute haemorrhage between rheumatoid arthritis and dura mater and the inner surface of the skull

54
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

loss of myelin sheath, it is caused by your immune system mistakenly attack the brain and nerves

55
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra

56
Q

neuralgia

A

nerve pain

57
Q

SOL

A

space occupying lesion

58
Q

TIA

A

transcient ischaemic attack

59
Q

SAH

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

60
Q

CSF

A

cerbraspinal fluid

61
Q

identify the two structures that make up the vertebral discs and describe what happens during disc herniation (4)

A
  • nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
  • defect in annulus fibrosis which means the pulpous protrudes out of the disc and impinges on a nerve root
62
Q

identify the three membranes which act as a protective covering (3)

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

63
Q

identify three forces that lead to the primary injuries of the spinal cord (3)

A

compression stretch and shear forces

64
Q

Name 3 symptoms accompanying LBP and what could this indicate? How do we image for this?

A
  • h/o trauma, night sweats and unintentional weight loss
  • neurological deficits
  • bilateral weakness
  • cauda equina or metastatases
  • MRI

Human physiology (12 decks)

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