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Human physiology > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

function of the skeleton

A

shape and support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

central, skull, spinal cord and ribcage

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

external to central skeleton

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4
Q

eg long bones

A

femur

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5
Q

what does long bones contain?

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

eg short bones

A

carpals

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7
Q

short bones

A

no central cavity

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8
Q

eg flat bones

A

pelvis

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9
Q

eg irregular bones

A

vertebrae

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10
Q

sutural bones

A

specific to the skull, bind together through growth

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11
Q

sesamoid bones

A

embedded within connective tissue

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12
Q

eg sesamoid bone

A

patella

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

end of the bone, spongy bone inner

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14
Q

metaphysics

A

regain where diaphysis meets the epiphysis

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15
Q

diaphysis

A

middle region bone

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

inner region of the diaphysis
- yellow bone marrow (adults)
- red bone marrow (children)

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17
Q

epiphyseal line

A

across the growth plate, region where bone growth terminates in adolescence

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18
Q

periosteum

A

double layer membrane around outside of bone
contains conective tissue, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q

endosteum

A

layer around inner surfaces that contain osteogenic layer

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20
Q

Osteoid

A

organic matrix and small amounts of magnesium, sodium and bicarbonate

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21
Q

importance of collagen in bone

A

provides a bit of flexibility so the bone can withstand stress

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22
Q

importance of mineral in bone

A

provides strength and support

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23
Q

cortical bone

A

encases the spongy bone, the thick outer surface of typically a long bone that encases the medullary cavity

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24
Q

roles of trabecular bone

A
  • load dissipation, spreads it across to reduce tension
  • resists compression
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25
Q

remodelling

A

bone is regenerating all the time

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26
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone formation, found in growing portions of bone such as periosteum and endosteum

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27
Q

osteocytes

A

sense mechanical strain, found in the matrix

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28
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone resorption, found in bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured unneeded bone

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29
Q

wolff’s law

A

bone adapts to loads under which it is placed

30
Q

Process of bone formation

A

Response to increased stress, osteoblasts dominate and make bone stronger

31
Q

Process of bone resorption

A

Response to decrease stress, osteoclasts dominate and bones become weaker

32
Q

Process of bone modelling

A

Activation, resorption, reversal, formation, termination

33
Q

Activation of bone modelling

A

Hormonal or mechanical stimulation detected by osteocytes

34
Q

Resorption of bone modelling

A

Osteoclasts release acid and enzymes to break down bone,creating “howships lacunae”

35
Q

Howships lacunae

A

Where bone has been broken down and ready for growth

36
Q

Reversal of bone remodelling

A

Osteoclasts die, osteoclasts precursors enter the lacunae

37
Q

Formation of bone modelling

A

Osteoclasts generate new osteoid

38
Q

Termination of bone modelling

A

Some osteoblasts die and the rest become osteocytes. The osteoid undergoes calcification

39
Q

Coupling

A

A balance between formation and resorption

40
Q

Factors contributing to bone loss

A
  • reduced activity
  • change in nutrient absorption
  • reduced sunlight
  • loss of vitamin D
41
Q

When is peak bone mass achieved

A

25

42
Q

Bone development

A
  • Skeleton starts as a cartilage model in the womb
  • as it grows the cartilage becomes calcified
  • blood vessels grow bringing nutrients & oxygen, osteoblasts convert the calcified matrix to spongy bone
  • osteoclasts breakdown newly formed bone creating the medullary cavity
  • new ossification centre develops at the epiphysis
43
Q

Process of fracture repair

A
  • haematoma
  • soft callus
  • hard callus
  • remodelling
44
Q

Process of haematoma in fracture repair

A

Blood clot formation, followed by a period of inflammation

45
Q

Soft callus in fracture repair

A

Capillaries grow into the haematoma and there is an influx of phagocytes to remove dead tissue

46
Q

Hard callus in fracture repair

A

Fibrocartilage is slowly converted to harder spongy bone by osteoblasts

47
Q

Remodelling in fracture repair

A

Excess material around the diaphysis is removed

48
Q

What colour does bone appear on radiographs

A

White

49
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Straight across the bone

50
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Greater than 30 degree angle - diagonal

51
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Spiral pattern through the bone

52
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Bone ends driven into one another

53
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Incomplete fracture through one side of cortex

54
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

Part of bone is “pulled off” by ligament

55
Q

Depressed fracture

A

Depression of cortex in flat bones

56
Q

What mechanism of injury would cause a fractured base of 5th metatarsal

A

Inversion

57
Q

Clinical significance of callus formation

A

Haven’t came in time of injury, safeguarding issue

58
Q

What are the potential complications of fractures

A

Nerve damage, blood supply problems, ligament disruption, development of arthritis, infection, compartment syndrome

59
Q

Treatment of fractures

A

Closed manipulation, open reduction and external fixation

60
Q

What is the difference between a dislocation and a subluxation?

A

Dislocation: complete separation of joint surfaces
Subluxation: partial separation of joint surfaces

61
Q

osteoporosis

A

decreased bone mass

62
Q

osteoporosis

A

abnormal dense bones

63
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

abnormal bone remodelling

64
Q

Paget’s disease

A

abnormal bone remodelling

65
Q

pathological lesions

A

abnormal changes in tissues or organs due to disease or injury

66
Q

bone cysts

A

fluid filled sacs

67
Q

osteomyelitis

A

bone infection

68
Q

avascular necrosis

A

death of bone cells, lack of circulation

69
Q

what 2 bones of the body are probe to avascular necrosis when fractured?

A

head of femur, scaphoid

70
Q

growth plate fractures

A

fractures that occur in the epiphysis or growth plates of childrens bones

71
Q

ossification of carpal bones

A
  • capitate and hamate: 1st year of life
  • triquetrum : 3rd year
  • lunate: 4th
  • scaphoid: 5th
  • trapezium and trapezoid: 6th
  • pisiform: 12th

Human physiology (12 decks)

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