bone Flashcards

(71 cards)

1
Q

function of the skeleton

A

shape and support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

central, skull, spinal cord and ribcage

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

external to central skeleton

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4
Q

eg long bones

A

femur

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5
Q

what does long bones contain?

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

eg short bones

A

carpals

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7
Q

short bones

A

no central cavity

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8
Q

eg flat bones

A

pelvis

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9
Q

eg irregular bones

A

vertebrae

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10
Q

sutural bones

A

specific to the skull, bind together through growth

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11
Q

sesamoid bones

A

embedded within connective tissue

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12
Q

eg sesamoid bone

A

patella

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

end of the bone, spongy bone inner

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14
Q

metaphysics

A

regain where diaphysis meets the epiphysis

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15
Q

diaphysis

A

middle region bone

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

inner region of the diaphysis
- yellow bone marrow (adults)
- red bone marrow (children)

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17
Q

epiphyseal line

A

across the growth plate, region where bone growth terminates in adolescence

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18
Q

periosteum

A

double layer membrane around outside of bone
contains conective tissue, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q

endosteum

A

layer around inner surfaces that contain osteogenic layer

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20
Q

Osteoid

A

organic matrix and small amounts of magnesium, sodium and bicarbonate

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21
Q

importance of collagen in bone

A

provides a bit of flexibility so the bone can withstand stress

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22
Q

importance of mineral in bone

A

provides strength and support

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23
Q

cortical bone

A

encases the spongy bone, the thick outer surface of typically a long bone that encases the medullary cavity

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24
Q

roles of trabecular bone

A
  • load dissipation, spreads it across to reduce tension
  • resists compression
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25
remodelling
bone is regenerating all the time
26
osteoblasts
bone formation, found in growing portions of bone such as periosteum and endosteum
27
osteocytes
sense mechanical strain, found in the matrix
28
osteoclasts
bone resorption, found in bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured unneeded bone
29
wolff's law
bone adapts to loads under which it is placed
30
Process of bone formation
Response to increased stress, osteoblasts dominate and make bone stronger
31
Process of bone resorption
Response to decrease stress, osteoclasts dominate and bones become weaker
32
Process of bone modelling
Activation, resorption, reversal, formation, termination
33
Activation of bone modelling
Hormonal or mechanical stimulation detected by osteocytes
34
Resorption of bone modelling
Osteoclasts release acid and enzymes to break down bone,creating “howships lacunae”
35
Howships lacunae
Where bone has been broken down and ready for growth
36
Reversal of bone remodelling
Osteoclasts die, osteoclasts precursors enter the lacunae
37
Formation of bone modelling
Osteoclasts generate new osteoid
38
Termination of bone modelling
Some osteoblasts die and the rest become osteocytes. The osteoid undergoes calcification
39
Coupling
A balance between formation and resorption
40
Factors contributing to bone loss
- reduced activity - change in nutrient absorption - reduced sunlight - loss of vitamin D
41
When is peak bone mass achieved
25
42
Bone development
- Skeleton starts as a cartilage model in the womb - as it grows the cartilage becomes calcified - blood vessels grow bringing nutrients & oxygen, osteoblasts convert the calcified matrix to spongy bone - osteoclasts breakdown newly formed bone creating the medullary cavity - new ossification centre develops at the epiphysis
43
Process of fracture repair
- haematoma - soft callus - hard callus - remodelling
44
Process of haematoma in fracture repair
Blood clot formation, followed by a period of inflammation
45
Soft callus in fracture repair
Capillaries grow into the haematoma and there is an influx of phagocytes to remove dead tissue
46
Hard callus in fracture repair
Fibrocartilage is slowly converted to harder spongy bone by osteoblasts
47
Remodelling in fracture repair
Excess material around the diaphysis is removed
48
What colour does bone appear on radiographs
White
49
Transverse fracture
Straight across the bone
50
Oblique fracture
Greater than 30 degree angle - diagonal
51
Spiral fracture
Spiral pattern through the bone
52
Impacted fracture
Bone ends driven into one another
53
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete fracture through one side of cortex
54
Avulsion fracture
Part of bone is “pulled off” by ligament
55
Depressed fracture
Depression of cortex in flat bones
56
What mechanism of injury would cause a fractured base of 5th metatarsal
Inversion
57
Clinical significance of callus formation
Haven’t came in time of injury, safeguarding issue
58
What are the potential complications of fractures
Nerve damage, blood supply problems, ligament disruption, development of arthritis, infection, compartment syndrome
59
Treatment of fractures
Closed manipulation, open reduction and external fixation
60
What is the difference between a dislocation and a subluxation?
Dislocation: complete separation of joint surfaces Subluxation: partial separation of joint surfaces
61
osteoporosis
decreased bone mass
62
osteoporosis
abnormal dense bones
63
osteogenesis imperfecta
abnormal bone remodelling
64
Paget's disease
abnormal bone remodelling
65
pathological lesions
abnormal changes in tissues or organs due to disease or injury
66
bone cysts
fluid filled sacs
67
osteomyelitis
bone infection
68
avascular necrosis
death of bone cells, lack of circulation
69
what 2 bones of the body are probe to avascular necrosis when fractured?
head of femur, scaphoid
70
growth plate fractures
fractures that occur in the epiphysis or growth plates of childrens bones
71
ossification of carpal bones
- capitate and hamate: 1st year of life - triquetrum : 3rd year - lunate: 4th - scaphoid: 5th - trapezium and trapezoid: 6th - pisiform: 12th