Endocrine (general) Flashcards
what system does the endocrine coordinate with
nervous system
endocrine communication
use of hormones secretion in the bloodstream influences metabolic activity
2 types of hormones
amino based (water soluble) and steroid based (lipid soluble)
eg of amino based hormones
peptides and polypeptides
eg of steroid based hormones
cortisol
2 ways the action of hormones
- bind to a receptor on the outside of a cell (non-steroid)
- enter the cell and instigate a change in a receptor which causes a shift in the proteins
3 ways to control hormone release
humoral, hormonal, neural
humoral
responds directly to circulating ion to nutrient levels (eg glucose release)
hormonal
release hormones in response to other hormones (eg hypothalamus)
neural
nervous system can turn on and off endocrine systems (eg adrenal gland)
negative feedback
regulates output
positive feedback
amplify the change that is detected in the body (eg child birth)
hormones
carry messages from glands to cells
hypothalamus function
responsible for body temperature, hunger, moods and release of hormones from other glands
pituitary gland function
“master gland”- controls other glands and makes hormones that trigger growth
parathyroid gland function
controls the amount of calcium in the body
pancreas gland function
help controls blood sugar levels
adrenal gland function
controls sex drive and cortisol
pineal gland function
produces melatonin which affects sleep
ovaries function
produce testosterone and progesterone
testes function
produces testosterone
thyroid gland
produces hormones associated with calorie burning and heart rate
endocrine disorders are commonly caused by
tumours, autoimmune diseases
what are endocrine disorders are result of
hyper secretion or hypo secretion of hormones
oxytocin function (F/M)
initiates muscular contraction of the uterus and stimulate milk production during lactation (female)
it also increases the production of testosterone in the testes (male)
anti-diuretic hormone
reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume
anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone - promotes cell division and proliferation, stimulates the breakdown of fats, promotes bone and cartilage growth, stimulates uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis
ACTH
causes cortisol secretion and aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex
melanocyte stimulating hormone
regulates functions of skin pigment cells
follicle stimulating hormone (2)
initiates follicle growth in ovaries and oestrogen secretion,
Lutenizing hormone secretion
Oestrogen and stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
Prolactin secretion
Stimulates lactation for milk production
Inhibits FSH & gonadotropin
grave’s disease
autoimmune condition where your immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid which becomes overactive.
hyperthyroidism
gland produces too much thyroid hormone
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating and nervousness
hypothyroidism
doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone
symptoms of hypothyroidism
fatigue, constipation and dry skin
where is the parathyroid located?
posterior of thyroid glands
function of parathyroid hormone
regulates calcium levels in the blood
functions of the parathyroid gland
- stimulates breakdown of bony tissue
- enhances calcium absorption in the small intestine
- enhances reabsorption in the kidneys
where are the 2 adrenal glands located?
top of each kidney
function of adrenal cortex
responsible for hormone release, produces cortisol and aldosterone mainly
function of the adrenal medulla
produces adrenalin and noradrenalin; mediates immediate stress response
Addison’s disease
adrenal glands produce too little cortisol
Cushing’s disease
hypersecretion of cortisol
function of the pancreas
produces islets of langerhans (endocrine) and acini (exocrine) associated with glucose levels
islets of langerhans
produce alpha (release glucagon) and beta (release insulin) cells
high blood glucose (pancreas)
detected by beta cells of pancreas, insulin is released into the blood
low blood glucose (pancreas)
detected by alpha cells, glucagon is released
diabetes mellitus
inherited or acquired deficiency in the production of the insulin and the absence of insulin
gonads (female)
produce estrogens and progesterone, secreted by the placenta during pregnancy to prepare mammary glands for lactation and prevents uterine contraction
testes (males)
produces testosterone, aids for general body functions, increases protein formation, muscle build up , red blood cells and basal metabolic rate in the body
pineal gland function
produces melatonin which regulates sleep/wake pattern- without this wouldn’t be able to adapt to seasonal changes physiologically
endocrine signalling
secretion of hormones into the blood
paracrine signalling
locally, only changes local cell behaviour
autocrine signalling
secretion of hormones by a cell that stimulates itself
