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Human physiology > Endocrine (general) > Flashcards

Endocrine (general) Flashcards

1
Q

what system does the endocrine coordinate with

A

nervous system

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2
Q

endocrine communication

A

use of hormones secretion in the bloodstream influences metabolic activity

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3
Q

2 types of hormones

A

amino based (water soluble) and steroid based (lipid soluble)

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4
Q

eg of amino based hormones

A

peptides and polypeptides

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5
Q

eg of steroid based hormones

A

cortisol

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6
Q

2 ways the action of hormones

A
  1. bind to a receptor on the outside of a cell (non-steroid)
  2. enter the cell and instigate a change in a receptor which causes a shift in the proteins
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7
Q

3 ways to control hormone release

A

humoral, hormonal, neural

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8
Q

humoral

A

responds directly to circulating ion to nutrient levels (eg glucose release)

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9
Q

hormonal

A

release hormones in response to other hormones (eg hypothalamus)

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10
Q

neural

A

nervous system can turn on and off endocrine systems (eg adrenal gland)

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11
Q

negative feedback

A

regulates output

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12
Q

positive feedback

A

amplify the change that is detected in the body (eg child birth)

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13
Q

hormones

A

carry messages from glands to cells

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14
Q

hypothalamus function

A

responsible for body temperature, hunger, moods and release of hormones from other glands

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15
Q

pituitary gland function

A

“master gland”- controls other glands and makes hormones that trigger growth

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16
Q

parathyroid gland function

A

controls the amount of calcium in the body

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17
Q

pancreas gland function

A

help controls blood sugar levels

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18
Q

adrenal gland function

A

controls sex drive and cortisol

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19
Q

pineal gland function

A

produces melatonin which affects sleep

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20
Q

ovaries function

A

produce testosterone and progesterone

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21
Q

testes function

A

produces testosterone

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22
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces hormones associated with calorie burning and heart rate

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23
Q

endocrine disorders are commonly caused by

A

tumours, autoimmune diseases

24
Q

what are endocrine disorders are result of

A

hyper secretion or hypo secretion of hormones

25
Q

oxytocin function (F/M)

A

initiates muscular contraction of the uterus and stimulate milk production during lactation (female)

it also increases the production of testosterone in the testes (male)

26
Q

anti-diuretic hormone

A

reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume

27
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

growth hormone - promotes cell division and proliferation, stimulates the breakdown of fats, promotes bone and cartilage growth, stimulates uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis

28
Q

ACTH

A

causes cortisol secretion and aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex

29
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

regulates functions of skin pigment cells

30
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (2)

A

initiates follicle growth in ovaries and oestrogen secretion,

31
Q

Lutenizing hormone secretion

A

Oestrogen and stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

32
Q

Prolactin secretion

A

Stimulates lactation for milk production
Inhibits FSH & gonadotropin

33
Q

grave’s disease

A

autoimmune condition where your immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid which becomes overactive.

34
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

gland produces too much thyroid hormone

35
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating and nervousness

36
Q

hypothyroidism

A

doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

37
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

fatigue, constipation and dry skin

38
Q

where is the parathyroid located?

A

posterior of thyroid glands

39
Q

function of parathyroid hormone

A

regulates calcium levels in the blood

40
Q

functions of the parathyroid gland

A
  • stimulates breakdown of bony tissue
  • enhances calcium absorption in the small intestine
  • enhances reabsorption in the kidneys
41
Q

where are the 2 adrenal glands located?

A

top of each kidney

42
Q

function of adrenal cortex

A

responsible for hormone release, produces cortisol and aldosterone mainly

43
Q

function of the adrenal medulla

A

produces adrenalin and noradrenalin; mediates immediate stress response

44
Q

Addison’s disease

A

adrenal glands produce too little cortisol

45
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

hypersecretion of cortisol

46
Q

function of the pancreas

A

produces islets of langerhans (endocrine) and acini (exocrine) associated with glucose levels

47
Q

islets of langerhans

A

produce alpha (release glucagon) and beta (release insulin) cells

48
Q

high blood glucose (pancreas)

A

detected by beta cells of pancreas, insulin is released into the blood

49
Q

low blood glucose (pancreas)

A

detected by alpha cells, glucagon is released

50
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

inherited or acquired deficiency in the production of the insulin and the absence of insulin

51
Q

gonads (female)

A

produce estrogens and progesterone, secreted by the placenta during pregnancy to prepare mammary glands for lactation and prevents uterine contraction

52
Q

testes (males)

A

produces testosterone, aids for general body functions, increases protein formation, muscle build up , red blood cells and basal metabolic rate in the body

53
Q

pineal gland function

A

produces melatonin which regulates sleep/wake pattern- without this wouldn’t be able to adapt to seasonal changes physiologically

54
Q

endocrine signalling

A

secretion of hormones into the blood

55
Q

paracrine signalling

A

locally, only changes local cell behaviour

56
Q

autocrine signalling

A

secretion of hormones by a cell that stimulates itself

Human physiology (15 decks)

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