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Human physiology > digestion/GI (specific) > Flashcards

digestion/GI (specific) Flashcards

1
Q

What’s included in the GI tract?

A

the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs such as the liver, biliary tract and pancreas

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2
Q

what does the GI tract cover?

A

mouth through to anus

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3
Q

large and small bowel obstruction

A

of the small intestines, occurs when lumen of the bowel becomes partially or completely blocked

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4
Q

two types of bowel obstruction

A

simple and strangulation

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5
Q

simple bowel obstruction

A

blockage without interfering with vascular supply

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6
Q

strangulation bowel obstruction

A

significant impairment of blood supply

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7
Q

causes of large bowel obstruction

A

magliancy, colonic diverticulum, volvulus, stricture, faecal impaction, hernias, intussusception

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8
Q

colonic diverticulum

A

small pouch or sac in the wall of the colon

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9
Q

volvulus

A

twisting, occurs when a loop of intestine twists around itself

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10
Q

hernias

A

weakening of the muscular walls

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11
Q

intussusception

A

walls stick together

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12
Q

perforation of bowel

A

free air under the diaphragm, hole in intestinal wall allowing gas to leak out

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13
Q

pneumoperitoneum

A

gas in the abdominal cavity

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14
Q

diverticula

A

small herniations in the intestinal wall

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15
Q

how is the diverticular disease be enhanced?

A

barium swallow

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16
Q

peritonitis

A

inflamed pouch ruptures, spilling intestinal contents into your abdominal cavity

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17
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

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18
Q

auto-digestion

A

enzymes produced digest themself

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19
Q

epigastric

A

above the stomach

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20
Q

diagnosis of pancreatitis

A
  • epigastric abdominal pain
  • elevated lipase of amylase
  • imaging
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21
Q

liver cirrhosis

A

scarring of the liver

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22
Q

stages of cirrhosis

A

stage 1- inflammation of the bile duct or liver
stage 2 - scarring of the liver due to inflammation
stage 3- cirrhosis
stage 4- liver failure

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23
Q

pruritus

A

itchy skin

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24
Q

oedema

A

swelling in the legs, feet or ankles

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25
Q

ascites

A

excess fluid in abdominal cavity

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26
Q

how does ascites impact radiographic exposure?

A

increase exposure factors

27
Q

what’s the most common imaging modality in GI pathology?

A

fluoroscopy

28
Q

jaundice

A

yellow skin and eyes

29
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

30
Q

Malena

A

blood turns black

31
Q

heamatemesis

A

vomiting blood

32
Q

IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

33
Q

which two radiographs are usually performed for an acute abdomen?

A

supine abdomen, erect chest

34
Q

two radiological features that differentiate a small bowel obstruction from a large bowl obstruction on an abdominal X-ray

A
  • large diameter bowel loops on large bowel obstruction
  • small bowel obstruction central, large bowel obstruction peripheral
35
Q

identify three pathologies that may result in a perforated bowel

A

diverticulus, volvulus, appendicitis

36
Q

identify 5 functions of liver

A

production of bile, filtration of blood, metabolism of drugs and food, storage of vitamins and mineral

37
Q

identify the fluid the gallbladder releases

A

bile

38
Q

how does bile support the digestion of fats

A

emulsifies fats. bile salts are able to bind to large undigested fat droplets, causing the droplets to break into smaller size droplets. offers up a large surface area for digestion of the fat droplets by pancreatic lipase

39
Q

what does the small bowel consist of

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

40
Q

what does the large bowel consist of

A

caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum

41
Q

mastication

A

reduces the size of the food, increases the surface area of food for digestion as it mixes food particles with saliva and digestive enzymes

42
Q

what enzyme is in starch?

A

amylase

43
Q

what enzyme is in fats?

A

lipase

44
Q

function of HCL in stomach

A

kills microbes in food and converts pepsinogen into pepsin

45
Q

function of pepsin in stomach

A

breaks down amino acids, optimal in a very acidic environment

46
Q

intrinsic factor of the stomach

A

absorption of B12 and production of red blood cells

47
Q

digestion in stomach

A
  • combination of mechanical and chemical digestion
  • triggered by stretching of stomach wall and change in pH (gastrin)
  • mixing waves
  • produces thin liquid called chyme
48
Q

duodenum

A

first section of small intestine, presence of chyme in duodenum triggers next phase of digestion

49
Q

function of gallbladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

50
Q

function of bile

A

allows emulsification of fats

51
Q

functions of liver

A

production of bile, carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, processing of drugs or hormones, storage of vitamins and minerals, activation of vitamin D

52
Q

three sections of the small bowel

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

53
Q

function of jejunum

A

majority of food absorption of digested food

54
Q

function of ileum

A

absorption of vitamin B12

55
Q

structure of small intestine

A
  • circular fold, villi and microvilli (increase surface area)
56
Q

absorption of the small intestine occurs through which processes?

A

diffusion and active transport

57
Q

what minerals does the small intestine absorb?

A

monosaccharides (glucose and galactose), amino acids, water & ions, lipids, vitamins

58
Q

function of absorptive cells in the large intestine

A

absorbs water and ions

59
Q

function of goblet cells in the large intestine

A

mucous lubricates the bowel wall

60
Q

function of the large intestine

A

digestion, haustral churning, mass peristalsis

61
Q

haustral churning

A

propels contents of colon, contraction of muscilaris causes churning of chyme which maximises absorption

62
Q

function of rectum

A

mass peristalsis propels faeces from sigmoid colon into rectum

63
Q

major hormones of digestion

A

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

Human physiology (15 decks)

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