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Human physiology > inflammation & wound healing > Flashcards

inflammation & wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

function of the skin

A
  • protects us from microbes and the elements
  • helps regulate body temperature
  • facilitates the sensations of touch, heat and cold
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2
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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3
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone

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4
Q

dermis

A

mid layer, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles and sweat glands

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5
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous tissue which is made of fat and connective tissue

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6
Q

stratum corneum

A

ontop of the three living layers; made up of dead flattened epidermal cells which is made up of keratin

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7
Q

components of the skin

A

blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, colour, hair follicle

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8
Q

function of blood vessels in the skin

A

help maintain body temperature, dilate in heat, constrict in response to cold

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9
Q

function of sebaceous glands in the skin

A

secrete sebum, helps keep skin from drying out- located in the base of hair follicles

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10
Q

function of sweat glands in the skin

A

evaporates heat in aid to cool you, located mainly in the palm of your hands and in your forehead

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11
Q

function of the colour of the skin

A

produced by cells called melanocytes which produce the pigment melanin, which are located in the epidermis

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12
Q

4 stages of wound healing

A

haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodelling

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13
Q

process of haemostasis

A
  • vasoconstriction occurs, limiting blood flow to the injured site
  • platelets stick to the site of injury, which closes up, controlling the bleeding
  • stabilised by a protein called fibrin, which forms a mesh with the platelets and creates a clot
  • bleeding is stopped with the release of prothrombin
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14
Q

process of inflammation

A
  • capillaries dilate to allow more fluid to the injured site
  • pyrogens are release to increase temperature
  • pain receptors become activated
  • phagocytes migrate to the site of injury
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15
Q

purposes of acute inflammation

A
  • limits spread of injury
  • dilutes or removes harmful agents
  • removes damaged cells
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16
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function (only mobile)

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17
Q

2 components to inflammation

A

vascular and cellular phase

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18
Q

vascular phase

A

stimulated by the presence of cytokines

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19
Q

what signalling molecules are released in the presence of damaged tissue?

A
  • mast cells which burst releasing histamine, bradykinin and serotonin
  • prostaglandins
  • platelets
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20
Q

pain is caused by the release of

A

bradykinin and prostaglandins

21
Q

redness and heat is caused by the release of

A

histamine/ serotonin

22
Q

process of vascular stage of inflammation

A
  • changes to the capillary bed at the site of injury
  • this increases blood flow and permeability
  • chemical signals are released to get a response from the immune system
23
Q

cellular stage of inflammation

A

arrival of white blood cells

24
Q

function of neutrophils

A

destroy bacteria

25
Q

function of macrophages

A

destroy bacteria, clean up cellular debris, signal for proliferation to start

26
Q

processes of the cellular phase of inflammation

A

margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis

27
Q

margination

A

as blood flow becomes slower, phagocytes drop to the margins

28
Q

pavementing

A

weak attraction and rolling along the endothelial surface

29
Q

adhesion

A

phagocyte attaches strongly to attachment proteins

30
Q

transmigration

A

phagocyte ‘squeezes’ through permeable endothelial membrane into intracellular spaces

31
Q

chemotaxis

A

phagocytes move to area of damage

32
Q

function of macrophages

A
  • continue the release of cytokines, to attract mote macrophages and fibroblasts
  • release growth factors
  • release anti-inflammatory mediators
33
Q

proliferation

A
  • wound is rebuilt with new ‘granulation tissue’
  • wounds contract due to myofibroblasts which grip the wound edges and pull them together
  • angiogenesis occurs
34
Q

angiogenesis

A

new network of blood vessels are developed

35
Q

by the end of proliferation

A
  • epithelial cells have re-covered the site
  • blood vessels have invaded new tissue
  • fibroblasts have filled the wound site
  • macrophages remain
36
Q

process of remodelling

A
  • collagen is laid down
  • water is reabsorbed so the collagen fibres lie closer together
  • cells that have been used to repair the wound that are no longer needed are removed
  • this new skin has only 80% of the tensile strength of the unwounded skin
37
Q

function of myfibroblasts in remodelling

A

move over the collagen bundles, attach and contract reducing its size, which reduces the size of the scar tissue

38
Q

apoptosis

A

the process of normal cell death

39
Q

What type of wounds might we encounter in practice?

A

Puncture, surgical, open fractures, burns, non-healing wounds such as ulcers

40
Q

Process of remodelling

A
  • cells used to repair the wound are no longer needed as removed by cell death
  • collagen is aligned within the wound
  • healed skin will have 80% of the tensile strength of uninjured tissue
41
Q

Pressure ulcers

A

Injured to the skin and other underlying tissue due to pressure, shear or friction

42
Q

Contributing factors to pressure ulcers

A

-poor nutrition
- incontinence (weight unevenly distributed)
-moisture
- co-existing medical conditions
- inactivity

43
Q

Stages of pressure ulcers

A

Stage 1: redness and warmth
Stage 2: shallow ulcer with distinct edges
Stage 3; full thickness loss of skin
Stage 4: involvement of fascia, connective tissue, muscle and bone
Stage 5: area covered with black Eschar scab (dead cells)

44
Q

debridement

A

removal of non-viable necrotic tissue.
is achieved by wet to dry dressings, autolytic debridement, chemical debridement, surgical debridement

45
Q

autolytic debridement

A

gels/cream

46
Q

surgical debridement

A

physically cut away some of the tissue

47
Q

open fractures

A

bone is exposed to the external environment through a break in the skin

48
Q

diabetic foot

A

cause skin on the feet to become dry and cracked due to nerve and blood vessel damage

49
Q

clean/dirty Radiographer technique

A

1 worker moves equipment whilst 1 moves and helps patient, avoids cross contamination

Human physiology (15 decks)

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