Renal (specific) Flashcards
what does the urinary system consist of?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder and urethra
function of kidneys
remove waste products from body,
release hormones to regulate blood pressure,
regulate water and electrolyte balance
function of ureters
allow urine to travel from the kidneys to the bladder
function of bladder
storage and emptying of urine
function of urethra
allows urine to be excreted from the bladder
congenital diseases of the kidneys
agnesis (absence of an organ), dysgenesis (failure of an organ to develop), alteration in position: eg horeshoe and ectopic
ectopic kidney
kidney is located below, above or on the opposite side of the kidney’s normal position
horseshoe kidney
kidney are fused together at a lower pole
hydronephrosis
kidneys are blocked
calculi
kidney stones
diverticulum
weakening in the lining of the bladder
staghorn calculus
type of kidney stone that can block the renal pelvis and the calyces
complications of obstructions
back pressure, unilateral obstruction, prolonged obstruction, hydronephrosis
4 types of kidney stones
- calcium oxidate or calcium phosphate (75%)
- sturate (15%)
- uric acid (8%)
- cystine (2%)
predisposing factors of kidney stones
- making less than one litre of urine per day
- family or personal history
- dehydration
- changes in urine pH
- high protein, salt or glucose diet
- gout
- obstruction of urine flow
- being obese
renal cyst
- fluid filled sac or segment of dilated nephron
- inherited or acquired
cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
renal functions
excretion, maintenance of blood volume, concentration of ions, maintenance of blood pH, endocrine-related function
function of nephrons
filter the blood and produce urine
measure of kidney function
glomerular filtration rate
tubular reabsorption
filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule, solutes are reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries via combination of diffusion and active transport,
therefore water is reabsorbed by osmosis
loop of Henle
responsible of concentration of urine
tubular secretion
transfer of materials from blood into tubules, removes waste, drugs and toxins- helps maintain pH of blood
glucosuria
excess of glucose in blood is filtered by glomerulus
function of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
controlling blood volume/pressure
Renin release
- drop in blood pressure/volume
- decreased filtration rate
- sympathetic nervous system
angiotensin functions (2)
triggers adrenal gland to release aldosterone, and pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone
function of aldosterone
increases reabsorption of Na in DCT, leads to increased water absorption via osmosis
Antidiuretic hormone
causes reabsorption of water in collecting ducts, increase in BP and reduction in urinary output
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
control of hypertension, increases GFR and closes sodium channels in nephron
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli
glomeruli function
removes excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine
manifestation of glomerulonephritis
1- proteinuria (proteins in urine)
2- hematuria (blood in urine)
3- hypertension
4- in chronic glomerulonephritis: renal insufficiency
5- fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face
pyelonephritis
bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis, bacteria reaches the kidney via the bloodstream
malaise
feeling of general discomfort
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
how are kidney pathologies diagnosed?
- ultrasound: soft tissues, image cysts, calculi, tumours
- NM: function of kidney output
- MRI: demonstrates soft tissue
- CT- contrast can be used to enhance and diagnose the nature of renal masses
oliguria
low urine output
polyuria
excessive urination
pyuria
pus in the urine
haemodialysis
manual filtration of the blood
peritoneal dialysis
uses the lining of your abdomen to filter your blood inside your body
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
fistula
abnormal connection between two internal organs
stenosis
narrowing or contraction of a passage
describe hydronephrosis and why this may occur in patients with renal calculi (2)
hydronephrosis- distension of the renal pelvis and calyces (1) This occurs in renal calculi due to the black of urine flow from the pelvis to the bladder
describe the complications of hydronephrosis if left untreated (3)
hydronephrosis complications include atrophy of the kidney, hypertension and renal failure
state 2 functions of the kidneys (2)
filtration and excretion of metabolic byproducts, regulation of electrolytes and blood pressure, reabsorb glucose and hormonal functions
what is the difference between gross and microscopic haematuria? (2)
gross haematuria is blood in the urine that is visible to the naked eye and microscopic is blood in the urine that is only seen under a microscope.
