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Human physiology > Renal (specific) > Flashcards

Renal (specific) Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder and urethra

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2
Q

function of kidneys

A

remove waste products from body,
release hormones to regulate blood pressure,
regulate water and electrolyte balance

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3
Q

function of ureters

A

allow urine to travel from the kidneys to the bladder

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4
Q

function of bladder

A

storage and emptying of urine

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5
Q

function of urethra

A

allows urine to be excreted from the bladder

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6
Q

congenital diseases of the kidneys

A

agnesis (absence of an organ), dysgenesis (failure of an organ to develop), alteration in position: eg horeshoe and ectopic

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7
Q

ectopic kidney

A

kidney is located below, above or on the opposite side of the kidney’s normal position

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8
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

kidney are fused together at a lower pole

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9
Q

hydronephrosis

A

kidneys are blocked

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10
Q

calculi

A

kidney stones

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11
Q

diverticulum

A

weakening in the lining of the bladder

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12
Q

staghorn calculus

A

type of kidney stone that can block the renal pelvis and the calyces

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13
Q

complications of obstructions

A

back pressure, unilateral obstruction, prolonged obstruction, hydronephrosis

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14
Q

4 types of kidney stones

A
  • calcium oxidate or calcium phosphate (75%)
  • sturate (15%)
  • uric acid (8%)
  • cystine (2%)
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15
Q

predisposing factors of kidney stones

A
  • making less than one litre of urine per day
  • family or personal history
  • dehydration
  • changes in urine pH
  • high protein, salt or glucose diet
  • gout
  • obstruction of urine flow
  • being obese
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16
Q

renal cyst

A
  • fluid filled sac or segment of dilated nephron
  • inherited or acquired
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17
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of urinary bladder

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18
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney

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19
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra

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20
Q

renal functions

A

excretion, maintenance of blood volume, concentration of ions, maintenance of blood pH, endocrine-related function

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21
Q

function of nephrons

A

filter the blood and produce urine

22
Q

measure of kidney function

A

glomerular filtration rate

23
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule, solutes are reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries via combination of diffusion and active transport,

therefore water is reabsorbed by osmosis

24
Q

loop of Henle

A

responsible of concentration of urine

25
Q

tubular secretion

A

transfer of materials from blood into tubules, removes waste, drugs and toxins- helps maintain pH of blood

26
Q

glucosuria

A

excess of glucose in blood is filtered by glomerulus

27
Q

function of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

A

controlling blood volume/pressure

28
Q

Renin release

A
  • drop in blood pressure/volume
  • decreased filtration rate
  • sympathetic nervous system
29
Q

angiotensin functions (2)

A

triggers adrenal gland to release aldosterone, and pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone

30
Q

function of aldosterone

A

increases reabsorption of Na in DCT, leads to increased water absorption via osmosis

31
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

causes reabsorption of water in collecting ducts, increase in BP and reduction in urinary output

32
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

control of hypertension, increases GFR and closes sodium channels in nephron

33
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli

34
Q

glomeruli function

A

removes excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine

35
Q

manifestation of glomerulonephritis

A

1- proteinuria (proteins in urine)
2- hematuria (blood in urine)
3- hypertension
4- in chronic glomerulonephritis: renal insufficiency
5- fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face

36
Q

pyelonephritis

A

bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis, bacteria reaches the kidney via the bloodstream

37
Q

malaise

A

feeling of general discomfort

38
Q

dysuria

A

painful or difficult urination

39
Q

how are kidney pathologies diagnosed?

A
  • ultrasound: soft tissues, image cysts, calculi, tumours
  • NM: function of kidney output
  • MRI: demonstrates soft tissue
  • CT- contrast can be used to enhance and diagnose the nature of renal masses
40
Q

oliguria

A

low urine output

41
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

42
Q

pyuria

A

pus in the urine

43
Q

haemodialysis

A

manual filtration of the blood

44
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

uses the lining of your abdomen to filter your blood inside your body

45
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

46
Q

fistula

A

abnormal connection between two internal organs

47
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing or contraction of a passage

48
Q

describe hydronephrosis and why this may occur in patients with renal calculi (2)

A

hydronephrosis- distension of the renal pelvis and calyces (1) This occurs in renal calculi due to the black of urine flow from the pelvis to the bladder

49
Q

describe the complications of hydronephrosis if left untreated (3)

A

hydronephrosis complications include atrophy of the kidney, hypertension and renal failure

50
Q

state 2 functions of the kidneys (2)

A

filtration and excretion of metabolic byproducts, regulation of electrolytes and blood pressure, reabsorb glucose and hormonal functions

51
Q

what is the difference between gross and microscopic haematuria? (2)

A

gross haematuria is blood in the urine that is visible to the naked eye and microscopic is blood in the urine that is only seen under a microscope.

Human physiology (15 decks)

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