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Biology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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3
Q

2 zones

A

conducting zone- only passage no exhange of has

respiratory zone- exhange of gas

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4
Q

nasal cavity

A

three turbinate bones (nasal conchae) and nasal meatuses

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5
Q

the roof of the nasal cavity contains

A

sensory cells of the olfactory mucosa to help with smell sensatio

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6
Q

concahe

A

increase the surface area and produce a turbulent airflow to delay it for warming, humidifying and cleaning the air to protect the lungs.

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7
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus, which can trap dust, debris and pathogens.

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8
Q

cilia

A

unison towards the pharynx to remove the mucus with damaging foreign particles.

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9
Q

paranasal sinus

A

hollow cavities in the facial bones, continuous with the nasal cavity. They warm, humidify, and filter air, lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance.

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10
Q

pharynx 3 types

A

nasopharynx- warm and humidtify air

oropharynx- common path for food and air

laryngopharynx- opens to anterior larynx and posterior oseophagus

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11
Q

larynx

A

voice box
thyroid cartlidge supports

epiglottis closes when swallowing prevents food entering lungs

vocal chords- membranous tissue

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12
Q

trachea

A

It is supported and kept open always by incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. An elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) completes the ring at the back. These soft tissues protect the oesophagus posterior to the trachea and allow it to expand during swallowing.

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13
Q

alveoli

A

Type I alveolar cells/pneumocytes, made of thin simple squamous epithelia to facilitate easy diffusion of gases.

close proximity to pulmonary capilaries for gases exchange

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14
Q

lungs

A

left- 2 lobes- cardiac notch

right- 3 lobes

hilum- entry of vessels

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15
Q

respiration

A

provides every cell with oxygen and removes co2

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16
Q

ventilation

A

continuous movement of fresh air rich in oxygen and removing carbon diozide

inhilation/ exhilation

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17
Q

inhilation

A

bringing air rich in 02 into lungs

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18
Q

exhalation

A

exspiring air rich in co2 from the lungs

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19
Q

ventilation mechanics

A

air moves from high pressure to low pressure
inhale pressure inside lungs must increase

exhale pressure iside lungs must increase

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20
Q

intraveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the lungs

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21
Q

p1 x v1=

A

p2 x v2

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22
Q

change lung pressure

A

skeletal muscles covering lungs
fluid in pleural cavity keeps lungs at a particular pressureso lungs adhere to the cavity

expand lungs during rest

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23
Q

inspiration is a … procces

A

active

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24
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shaped at rest

increase throacic volume/ decrease pressure

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25
Q

extrenal interchostal muscles

A

lift ribs up and down

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26
Q

forced inspiration

A

scalenes
sternoclionmastoid
trapizeus

27
Q

quiet exspiration

A

is a passive proccess- no muscle contraction

decrease thoracic volume and increase throacic pressure

28
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

depress the rib cage

29
Q

abdominal muscles

A

compress abdomin to decrease throacic volume

30
Q

inspiration

A

At beginning of inspiration
* No pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs
* Intrapleural pressure is subatmospheric
2. Inspiratory muscles contract and intrathoracic volume ↑
3. Intrathoracic and Intrapleural pressure ↓
4. Lungs expand and alveolar volume ↑
5. Alveolar pressure ↓ and becomes subatmospheric
6. Air moves into the lungs due to pressure gradient
7. At the end of inspiration
* Intra-alveolar pressure becomes the same as atmospheric
pressure
* Intrapleural pressure is more -ve than at the beginning of
inspiration

31
Q

expiration

A

At the beginning of expiration
* Intra-alveolar pressure is same as atmospheric pressure
* Intrapleural pressure is highly subatmospheric
2. Inspiratory muscles relax → intrathoracic volume ↓
3. Intrapleural pressure ↑
4. Lungs recoil and alveolar volume ↓
5. Alveolar pressure ↑ and becomes higher than atmospheric
pressure
6. Air moves out of the lungs
7. By the end of expiration
* Intra-alveolar pressure becomes the same as atmospheric
pressure
* Intrapleural pressure is less -ve than at the beginni

32
Q

external respiration

A

passive diffsuion

gas exchange between the gas in the blood and gas in the lungs

across alveoli membrane

concentration

33
Q

internal repiration

A

gas exhage between blood and cells of the body

34
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

these cells are thin and squamous, ideal for gas exchange. They share a basement membrane with pulmonary capillary endothelium, forming the air-blood barrier where gas exchange occurs

35
Q

20ml of oxygen in

A

every 100ml of blood
98 percent on haemagoblobin

36
Q

haemaglobin

A

4 globin protein chains

37
Q

each haem group

A

can bind 1 oxygen atom

38
Q

oxyhaemaglobin

A

red bright
has oxygen

39
Q

deoxyhaemaglobin

A

dark red
no oxygen

40
Q

tissue have high concentration in tissue

A

lower ph
decrease oxygen binding affinity

41
Q

increase in temperature

A

lowers oxygen affinity

42
Q

carbon dioxide reactions

A

CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 = H + + CO3-

reaction goes right from tissue to blood

reaction goes to the left in lungs

43
Q

CARBON DIOXIDE REACTION CAN BE INCREASED BY

A

carbonic anhydrase

44
Q
A
45
Q

controls respiration

A

PCO2 pressure that is high which is important for normal
if it is less then 40mmg then breathing could stop all togehter

46
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased CO2
INCREASES H2CO3
INCREASE H+

caused by decreased oxygen delivery and co2 removal
decreased gas exchange

causes comma death dereased CNS actiivty

47
Q

hypocapnia

A

decreased CO2

need to hyperventilate to increase CO2 removal

increase CNS activity

48
Q

carbon dioxide travels in blood via

A

bicarbonate in blood

49
Q

spirometry

A

lung functioned test

50
Q

tidal volume

A

Amount of air inhaled during a normal breath

51
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

52
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation

53
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle

54
Q

respiratory minute volume

A

TV X RR

55
Q

control of airways

A

during intense physical activity- increase enrgy expenditure

diameter of airways- autonomic nervous system

airflow during inspiration/ exhalation

turbulent flow vs lament flow

56
Q

control of bronchiole diameter

A

parasympathetic nervous system cause smooth muscle to contract and bronchioles to contract and increase resistance to air flow decrease air into lungs

sympathetic nervous has no ability on there bronchioles

57
Q

luminar flow

A

no resistance

58
Q

turbulent flow

A

increased resistance

59
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

in medulla

fires signals for 2 seconds rest 3 seconds for expiration

60
Q

venteral repsiratory group

A

medulla

controls both inspiration and expiration in forced breathing

61
Q

pneumtaxic center

A

pons
controls rate and depth of breathing

C3 C4 C5 FOR DIAPHRAGM

62
Q

RESPIRATORY REFLEXES

A

baroreceptors activated in hypoxia decrease breathing rate in BP is high

centeral chemoreceptors- activated when have high level of hydrogen ions and rising carbon dioxide levels

mechanoreceptors- decrease tifal volume increase breathing rate

63
Q

age changes

A

Arthritic changes in the costovertebral joints and costal cartilages stiffening the thorax and decreasing compliance during inspiration.
Elastic tissue is replaced by scar tissue reducing lung compliance and vital capacity.
Emphysema destroys alveolar surfaces and reduces surface area available for gas exchange with ageing, particularly in smokers.
Physical activity and avoiding smoking can maintain exercise tolerance as you age.

Biology (16 decks)

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