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endocrine system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine system

A

coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones

hormone affect functions of target tissue

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2
Q

endocrine cell

A

release hormones

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3
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

endocrine
- hormones
- no ducts

exocrine
- secretion onto epithealium surface
- via ducts

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4
Q

function of endocrine

A

regulate growth and activity of target cells in body

growth
reproduction
sleep
control stress, trauma
regulate circulation and RBC production
regulate metabolism
HOMEOSTASIS

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5
Q

PTH produces

A

hormone to raise calcium

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6
Q

oxytocin

A

smooth muscle contraction of uterus

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7
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers blood calcium levels

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8
Q

thhyroid hormone

A

stimulates matabolisim

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9
Q

endocrine vs nervous

A

nervous- short and quick // uses nervous impluses

endocrine- long and gradual// use chemical messengers via blood

both- control and communincate chemical messengers

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10
Q

hormone

A

blood borne chemical messenger

specific target

low concentration

binds to receptor that is specific to the hormone

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11
Q

hormone receptors

A

in and on cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

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12
Q

2 types of hormone

A

fat/ lipid soluble- go through the membrane// direct

water soluble- attach to cell membrane// indirect require a second messenger in the cell

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13
Q

hormone course of action

A

rate of enzymatic reaction- change shape/ function

control transport- open/ close channels

control gene expression- turn on and off a gene

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14
Q

hypothalmus

A

location: brain forbrain

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15
Q

pituartry gland

A

location: bellow hypothalmus
anterior and posterior lobes
intergrates nervous and endocrine

produce its own hormones
e.g ADH
its hormones are released by the posterior lobe of pituary gland

secrete hormones that go to anterior lobe to secret more hormones

direct nervous control to adrenal gland

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16
Q

infadibulum

A

connects pituartry gland and hypothalmus

17
Q

anterior pituartry gland

A

hormones produced in hypothalmus then travel to anterior
it then will release its own hormones

makes and releases its own hormones under instructions from the hypothalmus

18
Q

posterior pituatary gland

A

stores and release hormones produced by hypothalmus

travel down axons of nerves to posterior lobe

OXYTOCIN// ADH

19
Q

ADH

A

increase water uptake at kidney // reabsorption in distal tuble

blood osmorlaity if high will decrease plasma osmolarity

20
Q

growth hormone

A

Promotes growth of body tissues

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is released by hypothalmus

peptide

21
Q

prolactin

A

Peptide

Promotes milk production from mammary glands

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRL)*Peptide

22
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Glycoprotein

Stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

23
Q

adrenocorticotopic

A

Peptide

Stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

24
Q

folicle stimulating hormone

A

Glycoprotein

Stimulates gamete production in gonads

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

25
Q

lutenising hormone

A

Glycoprotein

Stimulates androgen production by gonads

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

26
Q

melenocyte stimulating hormone

A

Peptide

Stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes [to protect epidermis and dermis from UV radiation]

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

27
Q

thyroid releases

A

thyroid hormones

calcitonin

28
Q

thyroid hormones

A

Increase basal metabolic rate
* Increased metabolic rate means increased heat production
* Stimulate protein synthesis and usage of fuels (to make ATP)
* Enhanced sympathetic activity (e.g. ↑HR and ↑BP)
* Essential for normal growth and development (especially skeletal and
nervous systems)

29
Q

the pathway of thyroid hormone

A

1 low stress
2 thyrotrophin is released and acts on anterior pituratry
3 thyroid stimulating hormone is releases anterior pituratory
4 acts on thyroid
5 T3, T4, THYROXINE increase metabolic rate
e.g targets ,uscle, liver, heart increase body temp

30
Q

functions and effects of growth hormone

A

promotes growth of body tissues
release IGFs are small protein hormones that stimulate general body growth and regulate aspects of metabolism

Enhanced lipolysis in adipose tissue means the fatty acids released can be utilised for ATP production by body cells (thus reducing glucose uptake from the bloodstream).
Enhanced glycogenolysis in the liver will release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
Blood glucose levels will rise as a result of the above effects.

31
Q

adrenal gland

A

capsule- outer layer
cortex- mineralcorticoids/ glutocorticoids/ androgen
medulla- inner most layer- stress hormones

hormones
nervous impulses

32
Q

cortisol

A
  1. CRH is released by hypothalmus
  2. CRH acts of anterior pituratry gland then ACTH
  3. cortisol is released from the adrenal glands because of ACTH

act on muscle, adipose tissue, liver
fuel mobilisation/ break down proteins and fats to decrease stress
decrease inflammation

33
Q

effects of adrenal medulla

A

metabolic- glycogenolysis
lipolysis

cvs effects
Increases cardiac output (↑heart rate and ↑stroke volume)
* Vasodilation of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels
* Bronchodilation
* Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to ‘non-essential’ tissues
(GIT, skin, kidneys)

34
Q

adolstrone

A

helps adjust blood volume, and therefore blood pressure

35
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

A

The aim of RAAS is to RAISE your blood pressure.

Renin then catalyses the conversion of the plasma protein angiotensinogen produced in liver

Angiotensin II has three major functions: (1) initiating arteriolar vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure, (2) stimulating reabsorption of NaCl and water in the kidney tubules to increase blood volume, and (3) stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone,

36
Q

glucose homeostasis

A
  1. glucose is absorbed
  2. if not used converted to glycogen by insulin produced by beta cells
  3. if require more glucose require glucagon to be produced by alpha cells in pancreas to convert glycogen into glucose
37
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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