endocrine system Flashcards
endocrine system
coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones
hormone affect functions of target tissue
endocrine cell
release hormones
endocrine vs exocrine
endocrine
- hormones
- no ducts
exocrine
- secretion onto epithealium surface
- via ducts
function of endocrine
regulate growth and activity of target cells in body
growth
reproduction
sleep
control stress, trauma
regulate circulation and RBC production
regulate metabolism
HOMEOSTASIS
PTH produces
hormone to raise calcium
oxytocin
smooth muscle contraction of uterus
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium levels
thhyroid hormone
stimulates matabolisim
endocrine vs nervous
nervous- short and quick // uses nervous impluses
endocrine- long and gradual// use chemical messengers via blood
both- control and communincate chemical messengers
hormone
blood borne chemical messenger
specific target
low concentration
binds to receptor that is specific to the hormone
hormone receptors
in and on cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
2 types of hormone
fat/ lipid soluble- go through the membrane// direct
water soluble- attach to cell membrane// indirect require a second messenger in the cell
hormone course of action
rate of enzymatic reaction- change shape/ function
control transport- open/ close channels
control gene expression- turn on and off a gene
hypothalmus
location: brain forbrain
pituartry gland
location: bellow hypothalmus
anterior and posterior lobes
intergrates nervous and endocrine
produce its own hormones
e.g ADH
its hormones are released by the posterior lobe of pituary gland
secrete hormones that go to anterior lobe to secret more hormones
direct nervous control to adrenal gland
infadibulum
connects pituartry gland and hypothalmus
anterior pituartry gland
hormones produced in hypothalmus then travel to anterior
it then will release its own hormones
makes and releases its own hormones under instructions from the hypothalmus
posterior pituatary gland
stores and release hormones produced by hypothalmus
travel down axons of nerves to posterior lobe
OXYTOCIN// ADH
ADH
increase water uptake at kidney // reabsorption in distal tuble
blood osmorlaity if high will decrease plasma osmolarity
growth hormone
Promotes growth of body tissues
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is released by hypothalmus
peptide
prolactin
Peptide
Promotes milk production from mammary glands
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRL)*Peptide
thyroid stimulating hormone
Glycoprotein
Stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
adrenocorticotopic
Peptide
Stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
folicle stimulating hormone
Glycoprotein
Stimulates gamete production in gonads
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
lutenising hormone
Glycoprotein
Stimulates androgen production by gonads
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
melenocyte stimulating hormone
Peptide
Stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes [to protect epidermis and dermis from UV radiation]
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
thyroid releases
thyroid hormones
calcitonin
thyroid hormones
Increase basal metabolic rate
* Increased metabolic rate means increased heat production
* Stimulate protein synthesis and usage of fuels (to make ATP)
* Enhanced sympathetic activity (e.g. ↑HR and ↑BP)
* Essential for normal growth and development (especially skeletal and
nervous systems)
the pathway of thyroid hormone
1 low stress
2 thyrotrophin is released and acts on anterior pituratry
3 thyroid stimulating hormone is releases anterior pituratory
4 acts on thyroid
5 T3, T4, THYROXINE increase metabolic rate
e.g targets ,uscle, liver, heart increase body temp
functions and effects of growth hormone
promotes growth of body tissues
release IGFs are small protein hormones that stimulate general body growth and regulate aspects of metabolism
Enhanced lipolysis in adipose tissue means the fatty acids released can be utilised for ATP production by body cells (thus reducing glucose uptake from the bloodstream).
Enhanced glycogenolysis in the liver will release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
Blood glucose levels will rise as a result of the above effects.
adrenal gland
capsule- outer layer
cortex- mineralcorticoids/ glutocorticoids/ androgen
medulla- inner most layer- stress hormones
hormones
nervous impulses
cortisol
- CRH is released by hypothalmus
- CRH acts of anterior pituratry gland then ACTH
- cortisol is released from the adrenal glands because of ACTH
act on muscle, adipose tissue, liver
fuel mobilisation/ break down proteins and fats to decrease stress
decrease inflammation
effects of adrenal medulla
metabolic- glycogenolysis
lipolysis
cvs effects
Increases cardiac output (↑heart rate and ↑stroke volume)
* Vasodilation of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels
* Bronchodilation
* Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to ‘non-essential’ tissues
(GIT, skin, kidneys)
adolstrone
helps adjust blood volume, and therefore blood pressure
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
The aim of RAAS is to RAISE your blood pressure.
Renin then catalyses the conversion of the plasma protein angiotensinogen produced in liver
Angiotensin II has three major functions: (1) initiating arteriolar vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure, (2) stimulating reabsorption of NaCl and water in the kidney tubules to increase blood volume, and (3) stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone,
glucose homeostasis
- glucose is absorbed
- if not used converted to glycogen by insulin produced by beta cells
- if require more glucose require glucagon to be produced by alpha cells in pancreas to convert glycogen into glucose
