Nervous System

Question 1

Multipolar neuron

Answer 1

multiple axon terminal = motor neuron/ interneuron

Question 2

Bipolar neuron

Answer 2

less dendrite/ rare

Question 3

Pseudo-unipolar neuron

Answer 3

: 2 axon terminals one each side/ frequent in sensory

Question 4

3 types of nrurons

Answer 4

multipolar
bipolar
pseudo-unipolar

Question 5

Glia cells

Answer 5

oligopendroylte
shcwan cell
astrocytes
microsatelite cell
microglia
ependymal

Question 6

oligopendrolyte

Answer 6

makes mylin for several axon bodies

Question 7

Schwan cells

Answer 7

makes mylin for one axon at a time

Question 8

Astrocytes

Answer 8

provide nutrients and structural support

Question 9

microsatelite cell

Answer 9

in PNS// provide nutrients and support to maintain synapse connection

Question 10

microglia

Answer 10

in cns// phagocytosis eat away bacteria to protect brain

Question 11

ependymal

Answer 11

cns in ventricles/ chorid picxus to make CSF

Question 12

NEURAL COMMUNICATION

Answer 12

is electrical

resting potential
depolarisation
repolarisation
hyperpolarisation

Question 13

explain resting membrane potential

Answer 13

this is at -70Mv
then when neurotansmitters bind to ligated channels
they allow annions in e.g Na+
this leads to neuron becoming more postie on inside
until it reaches action potential at -55Mv

Question 14

explain action potential

Answer 14

at -55Mv the sodium gated channels open and Na+ goes into the cell and becomes more positive until it reaches +30Mv then sodium gated channels close (depolarisation)

the at +30Mv the potasium gated channels open and then pottasium leaves the cell and it becomes less positvie. until it returns down to -80Mv then the gates close (repolarisation)

then pumps using ATP pump K + in against gradient and Na+ out against gradient so it returns to -70Mv (hyperpolarisation)

Question 15

absolute refractory

Answer 15

second action potential cannot be iniated at same time

Question 16

relative refractory

Answer 16

neuron responds to a strong stimuli at same time it is stimulated

Question 17

node of rannier

Answer 17

no mylin
high percentage of voltage gated channel

Question 18

synapse

Answer 18

gap junction
chemical transfer
neurotransmmiters
diffusion across synapse
ligan gated channels

Question 19

how does neurotransmitters communicate

Answer 19

pre synaptic neuron has action potential reach the axon terminals
here calcium voltage gated channels open and Ca2+ enters this cause vesicles of neurotransmitters to be released by exocytosis and diffuse across synapse and then bind with ligan gated creceptors on post synaptic neurons dendrites

either inhibit or excite

Question 20

excite

Answer 20

glutamine

Question 21

inhibit

Answer 21

gaba

Question 22

layers of the brain membrane
meniniges

Answer 22

dura matter
archanoid matter
pia matter

Question 23

dura matter

Answer 23

outermost layer
thick tough inelastic

Question 24

archanoid matter

Answer 24

middle layer with archanoid trubeculae which contains csf

Question 25

pia matter

Answer 25

inner most layer it is thin delicate covers external with blood vessels

Question 26

dicephalon

Answer 26

thalmus - relays and is proccessing center
hypothalmus- autonomic control H.R/ BP/ respiration
control intergration.-/ limbic system and hormone regilation

Question 27

mid brain

Answer 27

important region for motor control// sleep wake cycles and temp regulation

Question 28

pons

Answer 28

relays information to cerebellum/ thalmus
contains subconsious motor

Question 29

medulla obalangata

Answer 29

relays info and is autonomic center for regulation

Question 30

corpus collosum

Answer 30

allows both hemispheres to relay info to each other

Question 31

cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 31

cushions delicate neural structure
supports brain
transport chemical messengers/ waste product

Question 32

blood supply

Answer 32

basiler artery- 2 arteries join medial and then divide into left and right posterior cerebral artery
internal cataroid artery 2 anrterior cerebral arteries

Question 33

hemorraghe

Answer 33

leak on the brain

Question 34

ischaemic

Answer 34

blood clott

Question 35

4 lobes of brain

Answer 35

frontal
pariteal
temporal
occipical

Question 36

frontal lobe

Answer 36

broccas area- speech production
primary motor cortex
associate motor cortex- sends info to primary
high functioning- personality/ behaviour

Question 37

temporal lobe

Answer 37

memory/ lamguage/ understanding/ auditory cortex

wernickles area- speech comprohension

Question 38

occipical lobe

Answer 38

sight/ visual information

Question 39

pariteal lobe

Answer 39

sensory information

Question 40

spinal chord

Answer 40

31 segments= 31 pairs
dorsal horn- sensory

lateral horn- autonomic

ventricle horn- motor

Question 41

autonomic nervous system

Answer 41

regulates bp/hr/ temp

parasympathetic -creturn to rest- ganglia close to target cell or inside
sympathetic - fight or flight- ganglia- close to spinal chord

Question 42

ganglion

Answer 42

bundle or nerve cell bodies

Question 43

neurotransmitter at ganglia

Answer 43

ACH and nicotine receptors
symp-
noradrenaline bind to adrenic receptor and activates target cell
in sweet ACH to musacrine receptor

para- ACH binds to musacrine receptor

Question 44

reflexes

Answer 44

an autonomic response to stimuli proccessed in spinal chord
it is quick

Question 45

4 types of spinal reflexes

Answer 45

withdrawal- activation of motor neuron in muscle
crossed extension- sends info to opposite muscle to relax and extend
stretch - muscle fibres activated when muscle stretch
tendon- activatd by tendon stretch