metabolisim

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

the sum of all biochemical reactions that occur in the body.

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

Breakdown larger/complex organic molecules into smaller ones

release energy in form of atp

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

Use simple molecules/monomers to make larger organic molecules

consume energy

Structural maintenance or repairs
Support growth
Produce secretions
Store nutrient reserves

Question 4

BMR

Answer 4

basal metabolic rate

Question 5

basal metabolic rate

Answer 5

minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person.

Question 6

energy intake =

Answer 6

BMR + Physical activity + Thermogenesis

Question 7

influences on BMR

Answer 7

Sex – BMR is lower in females- except in pregnancy
Age – BMR is faster in children
Body temperature – increased temperatures speed up BMR
Exercise – increases BMR by 15–20x
Hormones – the sympathetic nervous system increases rate of metabolism

Question 8

influences on physical activity

Answer 8

type
time

type= aerobic reduces fat
anerobic= builds muscle

Question 9

influences on thermogenisis

Answer 9

Dietary-induced thermogenesis - increased body temperature required during digestion

Adaptive thermogenesis - increased thermogenesis to cope with temperature changes

Question 10

Dephosphorylated

Answer 10

Releases energy
Cells use this energy to carry out anabolic reactions

Question 11

Phosphorylated

Answer 11

Energy is stored in the ATP molecule
Cells can use this energy for future cellular functions

Question 12

metabolism of carbs

Answer 12

must all be formed into glucose
Catabolism to yield ATP
Amino acid synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis

Question 13

glycolysis

Answer 13

location: cytosol
oxygen: not required
net production of ATP: 2

PROCESS: here glucose is broken down in cytosol into pyruvate acid (2 molecules)

Question 14

krebs cycle

Answer 14

location: mitacondrial matrix
oxygen: is required
net production of ATP: 2

process: 1 glucose → 2 ATP + 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 6 H+ + 2 FADH2
here pryuvate is broken down into acteyl coa- which then forms carbon dioxide

Question 15

electron transport chain

Answer 15

location: cristae of mitacondria
oxygen: is required
net production of ATP: 26-28

process: Electrons passed along the chain generating ATP by pumping of hydrogen ions (H+); known as chemiosmosis
Final electron acceptor is oxygen

water is produced

Question 16

ATP PRODUCED IN RESPIRATION

Answer 16

Glycolysis: 2 ATP (net gain)
Kreb’s cycle: 2 ATP
Electron transfer: 26-28 ATP
Total yield: 30-32 ATP
Provides 16 kJ per gram

Question 17

glycogenlysis

Answer 17

stored glycogen in hepatocytes release glucose into blood

Question 18

glycogenisis

Answer 18

Glycogen: glucose molecules joined together
Allows for storage of glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle cells

Question 19

glyconeogenisis

Answer 19

Production of glucose when blood glucose level is low
Generation of ATP from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 20

lypolysis

Answer 20

1 Glycerol – enzymes in the cytosol convert glycerol to pyruvate, which then enters the Kreb’s cycle
3 Fatty acids – converted to acetyl-CoA and enters Kreb’s cycle

Question 21

lypogenisis

Answer 21

Occurs in the liver
Glucose or amino acids can be converted into glycerol and fatty acids and assembled into triglycerides
Stimulated by insulin
Some fatty acids cannot be synthesised in the body

Question 22

proteinlysis

Answer 22

Worn out cells are broken down to release amino acids which are recycled into new proteins
Liver cells can convert amino acids into fatty acids or glucose
During starvation the body can break down protein

Question 23

proteinogenisis

Answer 23

Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce proteins
Occurs in the ribosomes
Requires energy
Under direction of DNA and RNA

Question 24

catabolic hormones

Answer 24

glucagon
cortisol
adrenaline

Question 25

anabolic hormone

Answer 25

insulin

Question 26

glucagon

Answer 26

made in alpha cells of pancreasas
Released when blood glucose levels (BGL) are low. It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

Question 27

cortisol

Answer 27

adrenal glands

Released in response to stress. It increases BGL by gluconeogenesis.

Question 28

adrenaline

Answer 28

adrenal glands

Released in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, mobilising stored energy reserves

Question 29

insulin

Answer 29

beta cells

Released when BGL are high. It promotes the uptake of glucose into muscle, adipose tissue and the liver.

Question 30

absorbitive state vs post-absorbitive

Answer 30

absorbitive glucose used straight away

post- stored as glucagon