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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood function

A

transport
regulation
protection

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2
Q

blood transport

A

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to, and remove wastes from body tissues and cells.
oxygen
hormone
co2
nutrients

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3
Q

blood regulation

A

Blood helps maintain homeostasis of all body fluids
proteins and chemicals in blood act as pH buffers
blood osmotic pressure helps regulate the water content of body cells

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4
Q

blood protection

A

White blood cells protect against;

external threats, such as bacterial pathogens
internal threats, such as cells with mutated DNA that could become cancerous, or body cells infected with viruses.
Blood can clot, which protects against excessive blood loss and initiates the healing process.

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5
Q

blood characteristics

A

bright red when oxygenated
dark red when not
thicker then water
alkaline

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6
Q

composition of blood

A

Plasma- mainly water but 3 ( albumin, globulins, fibronogen)
formed elements
red blood cells
haemaglobin

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7
Q

Albumin

A

made by liver
transport fatty acids, hormones, ions
helps draw water from tissue

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8
Q

globulins

A

immunoglobulins (antibodies) - made by plasma cells, bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by specialised white blood cells
alpha and beta globulins - made by the liver, transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells; like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure.

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9
Q

fibronigons

A

made by the liver
essential for blood clotting - form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin.

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10
Q

red blood cells

A

no nucleus
no mitacondria
no endoplasmic reticulum- so dont sysntheise proteins
biconcave

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11
Q

haemaglobin

A

found in red blood cells
it has iron and oxygen binds to it

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12
Q

haematostasis

A

process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further loss of blood
vascular spasm
platlet plug
colagulation

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13
Q

vascular spasm

A

damage blood vessel casuses contraction of smooth muscle to vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow to the area
endothelial cells release endothiles hormones

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14
Q

platelet plug

A

platelets bind to the exposed collagen at the site of blood vessel damage, and become activated. Activated platelets bind to other platelets and the endothelial lining forming a platelet plug. Activated platelets also release chemicals into the plasma that contribute to haemostasis

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15
Q

colagulation

A

complex cascade of enzymatic reactions resulting in the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble protein) into fibrin (an insoluble protein). As the fibrin mesh gorws, plateletes and blood cells are trapped, forming a clot that seals off

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16
Q

extrinsic pathway for colagulation

A

triggered when clotting factors outside the blood vessel leak into blood
fewer steps

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17
Q

intrinsic pathway for colagulation

A

triggered when clotting factors come into contact with substances inside the blood vessel
more steps

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18
Q

what do contractive proteins do in clotts

A

decreases the size of the damaged area
decreases the residual bleeding and stabilises the injury
permits healing.

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19
Q

fibronolysis

A

proccess clot is going away
thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activate plasminogen
plasminogen produces plasmin
plasmin digests fibrin strands.

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20
Q

blood groups

A

detremined on presence of A or B surface antigen
reheus system is detecting of the D surface antigen
if you have it it is positive if not its negative

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21
Q

structure of the heart layers

A

3 layers- epicaridum, myocaridum endocardium

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22
Q

outermost layer of the heart

A

pericarium
protects and confines the heart it is a doubled layered membrane ( serous membrane )
pariteal- outer visceral inner
they contain fluid which lubes

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23
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.

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24
Q

endocardium

A

layer of endothelium with an overlying thin layer of connective tissue. It forms the lining of the chambers of the heart and covers the values of the hear

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25
Q

Pulmonary pump

A

blood to lungs

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26
Q

Systemic pump

A

delivers blood to/from the body

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27
Q

deoxygenated blood from the body enters the

A

right atrium via superior/ inferior venna carva

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28
Q

tricsupid valve is between

A

right atrium and right ventircle

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29
Q

doxygenated blood leaves heart via

A

pulmary artery from left venticle

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30
Q

oxygenated blood arrives at the heart

A

from the lungs to the left atrium from pulmonary vein

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31
Q

oxygenated blood leaves heart via

A

aorta from left venticle

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32
Q

bicuspid valve

A

seperates left atrium and ventricle

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33
Q

sinoatrial node

A

autorythmic- doesn’t need stimulisation
they depolarise
then sends electrical message to both sides
makes heart contract
it is the pace maker

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34
Q

atriventricular node

A

recives electrical response and trnasfer to bundles branches to inside
and then outside via perkinjie fibres

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35
Q

how does heart contract

A

sa node depolarises
message goes to AV node then to
AV bundle, bundle branches and perkinjie fibres

mechanical action of heart
inovate ventricle walls

36
Q

P wave

A

represent depolarisation of atria

37
Q

QRS wave

A

represent depolarisation of the ventricles

repolarisation of atria hiden by this

38
Q

T wave

A

represents repolarisation of the ventricles

39
Q

cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole- contract atria
atrial dyistole- relac
ventricular systole- contract
ventricular dyistole

40
Q

atria contract

A

atrium get smaller and pressure increases

41
Q

aorta contract

A

aorta gets smaller increase aortic pressure

42
Q

ventricle contracts

A

ventricle pressure increase

43
Q

arteries

A

efferent away from the heart
thick muscular walls
no valves
withstand high pressure
small lumen

44
Q

veins

A

thin walls
large lumen
valves
low pressure
smooth muscle contract to pump blood back to heart

45
Q

capillaries

A

connect the smallest arteries (arterioles) and the smallest veins (venules). The thin wall of capillaries allows the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid.

46
Q

Tunica intima

A

inner most layer of blood vessels

47
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer smooth musle contracts for vasoconstirction

48
Q

Tunica externa

A

outermost layer is a substantial sheath of connective tissue primarily composed of collagenous fibers, stabilising and anchoring the blood vessel.

49
Q

mean artiral pressure

A

made of both dystolic and systolic pressure

50
Q

cardiac output

A

HR X SV
AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED BY THE VENTRICLE EACH MINUTE

51
Q

TOTAL PHERIPHERAL RESISTANCE

A

vessel diameter
length
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
influncce this

52
Q

fluid exits sapilary why

A

because capilary hydrostatic is greater then blood collodial pressure

53
Q

fluid is reabsobed by capilary

A

capilary hydorstatic is less then blood collodial

54
Q

blood flow is determind from

A

high pressure to low pressure

55
Q

Blood pressure MAP

A

CO x TPR

56
Q

CO

A

Cardiac output = SV x HR

57
Q

temperature pulse respiration is limited by

A

sysmpathetic nervous system
vasoconstriction increases resistance
vasodilation decrease resistance

parasympathetic has no effect on blood vessel diameter

58
Q

Cardiac reserve:

A

ifference between resting and maximal CO

59
Q

regulation of heart rate

A

Noradrenaline (& adrenaline) acting on β1 adrenergic receptors.
Effect: heart rate increases
Parasympathetic activity: Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) via acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors.
Effect: heart rate decreases
Other factors influencing HR:

Positive chronotropic factors = increase heart rate, for example adrenaline, caffeine
Negative chronotropic factors = decrease heart rate, for example Beta-blockers, such as Propranolo

60
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormal condition of a fast heart rate

61
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormal condition of a slow heart rate

62
Q

regulation of stroke volume

A

Intrinsic control

If ventricular wall stretched before contraction, contractile force increases
If End Diastolic Volume ↑ (meaning the ventricle chamber is stretching and putting pressure on ventricular wall) → SV ↑ → CO ↑
Extrinsic control: stimulation of sympathetic activity

Noradrenaline (& adrenaline injection) acting on β1 adrenergic receptors.
Effect: increased contractile force

63
Q

autoregulation

A

at the blood vessel site causing immediate localised homeostatic adjustments

64
Q

autoregulation that cause vasodilation

A

Hypoxia: decreased partial pressure of O2
Hypercapnia: increased partial pressure of CO2
Acidosis: decreased pH or increased concentration of H+
Hyperkalaemia: increased concentration of K+ extracellularly
Increased adenosine concentration
Increased temperature
Increased osmolarity

65
Q

neural machanisim

A

espond quickly to changes (such as sympathetic system):

Cardiovascular centers and vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata:
Vasomotor center = A cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversee changes in blood vessel diameter
Part of the cardiovascular center, and work along with the cardiac centers
Maintains vasomotor tone (moderate constriction of arterioles) receives inputs from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers.

66
Q

endocrine mechanism

A

long pathways

ADH
RAAS
EPO

67
Q

RAAS

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
increase blood pressure increase blood volume

aldostrone triggers sodium reabsorption

68
Q

ADH

A

INCREASE BLLOD PRESSURE INCREASE BV

69
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin
increase blood pressure

70
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in charotid sinus and aortic arch
respond to the pressure in the wall

send action potential to medulla

if increase send greater number of ap to medulla

71
Q

chemoreceptors

A

eceptors sensing changes in the composition of arterial blood.

peipheral and central

72
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

present in the carotid and aortic bodies

Highly sensitive to hypoxia
Moderately sensitive to hypercapnia and acidosis

73
Q

centeral chemoreceptors

A

located in the medulla oblongata

Highly sensitive to hypercapnia and acidosis

74
Q

a decrease in total body water occurs in human body. This will lead to:

A

Decrease in blood volume
Increased blood viscosity
Sluggish blood flow → more work for heart

75
Q

RBC become more deformed leading to

A

‘Stiffer’ membranes
More resistance in microcirculation
Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues

76
Q

anemia

A

s a condition in which there is a lack of healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to body cells. It is Associated with:

↓ O2 delivery
Increased morbidity and mortality

77
Q

age changes to blood vessels

A

1) Arteries become less elastic:

Due to decrease production of elastin protein by fibroblast
Pressure changes can cause aneurysm
2) Increase of calcium deposits on vessel wall → atherosclerosis and increased risk of stroke or infarction

3) Decrease of venous return:

Due to venous valve deterioration
Lack of movement
Dehydration

78
Q

heart age changes

A

Reduced maximum cardiac output (in response to exercise or stress)
Cardiomegaly increases, thickening of the left ventricular wall
Decrease of contractility (cardiac cells less efficient to contract)
Changes in conductivity due to:
Reduction of number of pacemaker cells
Increase of fatty and fibrous tissue infiltration of SA node
Increase of scar tissue leading to reduction of heart conduction → heart block → slower heart rate

79
Q

isovolumetric

A

contraction occuring but blood is not going anywhere

80
Q

what is the sound of the heart

A

blood hitting the valve

81
Q

what happens when contraction of the atrium

A

depolarisation occurs

82
Q

AV node will delay message why

A

to make sure av valves are closed and ventricles are full

83
Q

pre-load

A

the stretch of the heart muscles as the heart files

84
Q

increase in pre load leads to

A

increase in blood in the ventricles
increase end diastole volume
increase stretch of ventricle wall
increase sacomere length and contractible force and blood ejects from the heart at greater volume

85
Q

baroreceptors detect

A

vascular stretch

Biology (19 decks)

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