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reproductive system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

testes

A

glands in the scrotum

Production of spermatozoa (male gamete) made in seminiferous tubules in the testes
Adjust fluid composition
Recycles spermatozoa
Secretion of testosterone.

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2
Q

The seminiferous tubules

A

lined by Sertoli cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa

found in testes

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3
Q

Seminal vesicles (glands):

A

secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins.

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4
Q

Prostate glands

A

a single, doughnut-shaped gland that secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.

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5
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

A

secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralises acids from urine and mucus for lubrication.

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5
Q

vas deference

A

transport sperm from the testes

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6
Q

urethra

A

Carries semen and urine
Fluid exits at external urethral orifice

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6
Q

penis

A

The root of the penis is the fixed portion that attaches the penis to the body wall. The body (shaft) of the penis is the tubular, movable portion. The glans of the penis is the expanded distal end that surrounds the external urethral orifice.
Erectile tissue will be essential for erection process

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7
Q

male hormones

A

Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes.

Inhibin is a protein secreted by the Sertoli cells.

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8
Q

testosterone

A

Promote spermatogenesis (formation of male gamete)
Testosterone can be transformed into oestrogen by aromatase, which is important for spermiogenesis (maturation of spermatozoa)
Maintain libido and related behaviours
Stimulate bone and muscle growth
Male secondary characteristics (breaking voice; facial, axillary & pubic hair)

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9
Q

inhibin

A

It inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content. It participates indirectly to the regulation of spermatogenesis.

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10
Q

process of endocrine

A

hypothalmus dectetcs low testosterone

hypothalmus GRH is released ot anterior pituarty gland

anterior pit gland will release LH which will cause testes to produce more testosterone

FSH is released as well acts on serotili, if high test will produce inhibin if low will cause spermogensis

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11
Q

how is the male gamates produced

A

spermogenisis
Spermatogonia undergo mitotic divisions to produce additional spermatogonia, which for some of them differentiate into primary spermatocytes, then secondary spermatocytes and finally spermatid.

then spermogenisis is when the maturation of gamate occurs

  1. stimulation of stem cells
  2. stem cell will then undergo meiosis
  3. haploid cells produced
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12
Q

structure of sperm

A

fallagela- tail

head- nucleus

neck- mitacondria

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13
Q

prostate

A

gland encircles urethra
Produces 1/3 of semen volume
Secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is normally present in low concentrations, however elevated levels may indicate cancer.

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14
Q

bulbourethra glands

A

secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra (to protect sperm),
lubricates the glans, or tip of the penis.

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15
Q

seminal glands

A

Secrete 60% of semen volume
Alkaline fluid which will neutralise acidity present in female reproductive tract
Fructose for energy for sperm
Fluid essential for capacitation (activation) of sperm cells

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16
Q

seamen leaves testes

A

leaves the semineferous tubes

enters epidymius

enters vas deferences

enters urethra

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17
Q

corpus cavernosa

A

maze of vascular channels incompletely separated by elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle. Each surrounds a central artery.

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18
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

The sheath surrounding the corpus spongiosum contains more elastic fibers than does that of the corpora cavernosa and contains a pair of small arteries.

19
Q

erection process

A

vasodilation in arteries in penis (due to relaxation) and corpus cavernosa (containing the sponge-like material) will fill up with blow flow coming in the region. Since there is more blood flow going in than out, the engorgement of erectile tissue (cavernosa) with blood will lead to the erection of the penis.

20
Q

function of female reproductive system

A

make female gametes (ova or ovum) and hormones for reproduction
provides a protective and nourishing environment for the potential developing embryo/foetus until birth (If fertilisation occurs with male gamete)
breasts provide milk to nourish a newborn baby
menstruation.

21
Q

vulva

A

refers to the external

22
Q

Labia majora

A

protect the other external reproductive organs. During puberty, hair growth

23
Q

labia minor

A

surround the opening to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of your uterus to the outside of your body) and urethra

24
Q

clitoris

A

Your two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion.

25
Q

vaginal oppenning

A

Your vaginal opening allows menstrual blood and babies

26
Q

vagina

A

it serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
it receives the penis during sexual intercourse and holds spermatozoa prior to their passage into the uterus
forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the foetus passes during delivery.

non keratininised and stratified

27
Q

cervix

A

cartilage covered by smooth, moist tissue, and is about 1 inch across. The cervix produces cervical mucus

28
Q

ovaries

A

production of immature females gametes, or oocytes
secretion of females sex hormones, including oestrogen and progesterone
secretion of inhibin, involved in the feedback control of pituitary FSH production

29
Q

uterus

A

mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus.

perimetrium is the outermost layer consisting of a serous membrane

myometrium forms the middle layer of the uterus and contains many layers of visceral muscle tissue.

endometrium support to the developing embryo and foetus during pregnancy.

30
Q

female hormones

A

oesterogen

progesterone

31
Q

oesterogen

A

breast growth
water retention
follicular growth

32
Q

progesterone

A

breast aveolar production

cervix produce mucus

increase basal body temp

33
Q

follicular stage of menstural cycle

A

hypothalamus detects low levels of oestregen
GnRH released to anterior pit

AP- FSH AND LH

OVERY lead to produce oestregen

34
Q

ovulation stage of mensturual cycle

A

GnRH from hypothalamus

ap- FSH / LH

ovaries to ovulate

increase in oestrogen acts in positive feedback back to LH

35
Q

luteal phase of mensteral cycle

A

Hypothalamus GnRh

AP FSH and Lh

lower oestrogen high levels of progesterone

36
Q

formation of zygote occurs when

A

fusion of haploid cells will occur
hen sperm get through corona radiata
and then the zone pellucida

37
Q

cleavage will occur when

A

3-5 days and the morula forms

38
Q

blastocyst

A

inner cell mass- embryoblast
outer cell mass- trophoblast

39
Q

trophoblast cells

A

future placenta
display factors that are immunsuppressive

will differniate into 2 cells

cytotrophblast- inner layer
syncytiotrophoblast- outer layer faciliate implantation secretes important hormones

hCG- maintain corpus luteum
second trimester secretion of placental geowth hormone
has insulin antagonist effect

40
Q

implanatation process

A

inner cells become 2
epiblast
hypoblast

a groove in caudal end of epiblast layer
primitive steak froms leads to cranial and caudal axis of embryo develop

gastrulation occurs

41
Q

gastrulation

A

development stage leads to primary germ layer of cell called ectodem, mesoderm, ectoderm
billamel to trilamminar

42
Q

organs from ectoderm

A

epidermis of skin
epithelial line of mouth and rectum
cornea and lens of eye
adrenal medulla
nervous system

43
Q

organs from mesoderm

A

skeletal system
muscular system
muscular layer of stomach
reproductive system
dermis of skin
adrenal cortex

44
Q

endoderm

A

epithial linning of GIT
epithelial linning of respiratory
linning of urinary system
liver
pancreas
thymus
thyroid

45
Q

NOTCHORD

A

GUIDE DEVELOPMENT OF tissues

46
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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