reproductive system Flashcards
testes
glands in the scrotum
Production of spermatozoa (male gamete) made in seminiferous tubules in the testes
Adjust fluid composition
Recycles spermatozoa
Secretion of testosterone.
The seminiferous tubules
lined by Sertoli cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa
found in testes
Seminal vesicles (glands):
secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins.
Prostate glands
a single, doughnut-shaped gland that secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralises acids from urine and mucus for lubrication.
vas deference
transport sperm from the testes
urethra
Carries semen and urine
Fluid exits at external urethral orifice
penis
The root of the penis is the fixed portion that attaches the penis to the body wall. The body (shaft) of the penis is the tubular, movable portion. The glans of the penis is the expanded distal end that surrounds the external urethral orifice.
Erectile tissue will be essential for erection process
male hormones
Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes.
Inhibin is a protein secreted by the Sertoli cells.
testosterone
Promote spermatogenesis (formation of male gamete)
Testosterone can be transformed into oestrogen by aromatase, which is important for spermiogenesis (maturation of spermatozoa)
Maintain libido and related behaviours
Stimulate bone and muscle growth
Male secondary characteristics (breaking voice; facial, axillary & pubic hair)
inhibin
It inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content. It participates indirectly to the regulation of spermatogenesis.
process of endocrine
hypothalmus dectetcs low testosterone
hypothalmus GRH is released ot anterior pituarty gland
anterior pit gland will release LH which will cause testes to produce more testosterone
FSH is released as well acts on serotili, if high test will produce inhibin if low will cause spermogensis
how is the male gamates produced
spermogenisis
Spermatogonia undergo mitotic divisions to produce additional spermatogonia, which for some of them differentiate into primary spermatocytes, then secondary spermatocytes and finally spermatid.
then spermogenisis is when the maturation of gamate occurs
- stimulation of stem cells
- stem cell will then undergo meiosis
- haploid cells produced
structure of sperm
fallagela- tail
head- nucleus
neck- mitacondria
prostate
gland encircles urethra
Produces 1/3 of semen volume
Secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is normally present in low concentrations, however elevated levels may indicate cancer.
bulbourethra glands
secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra (to protect sperm),
lubricates the glans, or tip of the penis.
seminal glands
Secrete 60% of semen volume
Alkaline fluid which will neutralise acidity present in female reproductive tract
Fructose for energy for sperm
Fluid essential for capacitation (activation) of sperm cells
seamen leaves testes
leaves the semineferous tubes
enters epidymius
enters vas deferences
enters urethra
corpus cavernosa
maze of vascular channels incompletely separated by elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle. Each surrounds a central artery.
corpus spongiosum
The sheath surrounding the corpus spongiosum contains more elastic fibers than does that of the corpora cavernosa and contains a pair of small arteries.
erection process
vasodilation in arteries in penis (due to relaxation) and corpus cavernosa (containing the sponge-like material) will fill up with blow flow coming in the region. Since there is more blood flow going in than out, the engorgement of erectile tissue (cavernosa) with blood will lead to the erection of the penis.
function of female reproductive system
make female gametes (ova or ovum) and hormones for reproduction
provides a protective and nourishing environment for the potential developing embryo/foetus until birth (If fertilisation occurs with male gamete)
breasts provide milk to nourish a newborn baby
menstruation.
vulva
refers to the external
Labia majora
protect the other external reproductive organs. During puberty, hair growth
labia minor
surround the opening to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of your uterus to the outside of your body) and urethra
clitoris
Your two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion.
vaginal oppenning
Your vaginal opening allows menstrual blood and babies
vagina
it serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
it receives the penis during sexual intercourse and holds spermatozoa prior to their passage into the uterus
forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the foetus passes during delivery.
non keratininised and stratified
cervix
cartilage covered by smooth, moist tissue, and is about 1 inch across. The cervix produces cervical mucus
ovaries
production of immature females gametes, or oocytes
secretion of females sex hormones, including oestrogen and progesterone
secretion of inhibin, involved in the feedback control of pituitary FSH production
uterus
mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus.
perimetrium is the outermost layer consisting of a serous membrane
myometrium forms the middle layer of the uterus and contains many layers of visceral muscle tissue.
endometrium support to the developing embryo and foetus during pregnancy.
female hormones
oesterogen
progesterone
oesterogen
breast growth
water retention
follicular growth
progesterone
breast aveolar production
cervix produce mucus
increase basal body temp
follicular stage of menstural cycle
hypothalamus detects low levels of oestregen
GnRH released to anterior pit
AP- FSH AND LH
OVERY lead to produce oestregen
ovulation stage of mensturual cycle
GnRH from hypothalamus
ap- FSH / LH
ovaries to ovulate
increase in oestrogen acts in positive feedback back to LH
luteal phase of mensteral cycle
Hypothalamus GnRh
AP FSH and Lh
lower oestrogen high levels of progesterone
formation of zygote occurs when
fusion of haploid cells will occur
hen sperm get through corona radiata
and then the zone pellucida
cleavage will occur when
3-5 days and the morula forms
blastocyst
inner cell mass- embryoblast
outer cell mass- trophoblast
trophoblast cells
future placenta
display factors that are immunsuppressive
will differniate into 2 cells
cytotrophblast- inner layer
syncytiotrophoblast- outer layer faciliate implantation secretes important hormones
hCG- maintain corpus luteum
second trimester secretion of placental geowth hormone
has insulin antagonist effect
implanatation process
inner cells become 2
epiblast
hypoblast
a groove in caudal end of epiblast layer
primitive steak froms leads to cranial and caudal axis of embryo develop
gastrulation occurs
gastrulation
development stage leads to primary germ layer of cell called ectodem, mesoderm, ectoderm
billamel to trilamminar
organs from ectoderm
epidermis of skin
epithelial line of mouth and rectum
cornea and lens of eye
adrenal medulla
nervous system
organs from mesoderm
skeletal system
muscular system
muscular layer of stomach
reproductive system
dermis of skin
adrenal cortex
endoderm
epithial linning of GIT
epithelial linning of respiratory
linning of urinary system
liver
pancreas
thymus
thyroid
NOTCHORD
GUIDE DEVELOPMENT OF tissues
