Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
It refers to all breathing process
A
respiration
2
Q
What are the different type of breathing process and it’s sequence
A
ventilation
gas exchange: external respiration
transport of oxygen
gas exchange: internal respiration
3
Q
External respiration is the exchange of gases between…
A
air in the lugs and the body
4
Q
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between…
A
the blood and the tissues
5
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system (PPROV)
A
protection
production of chemical mediators
regulation of blood pH
olfaction
voice production
6
Q
Explain the respiratory function of the regulation of blood pH
A
by changing the carbon dioxide level in the circulatory
7
Q
Explain the respiratory function of the voice production
A
air moves pass the vocal chords = produce sounds and speech
8
Q
Explain the respiratory function of the production of chemical mediators
A
produces angiotensin-converting enzyme that isa regulator that maintains the blood pressure
9
Q
Explain the respiratory function of the olfaction
A
sensation of smell occurs when air is drawn towards the nasal cavity
10
Q
Explain the respiratory function of protection
A
cilia - prevents the foreign particles/ some materials from entering the bodies
but if its in the body, the respiratory system will get rid of it
11
Q
ACE
A
angiotensin-converting enzyme
12
Q
What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system (structure)
A
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
13
Q
What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system (function)
A
conducting zone
respiratory zone
14
Q
upper respiratory tract consists of
A
(L-PEN)
larynx
pharynx
external nose
nasal cavity
15
Q
lower respiratory tract consists of
A
(L-TB)
lungs
trachea
bronchi (including small bronchioles)
16
Q
conducting zone consists of
A
(TL-PEN)
trachea
larynx
pharynx
external nose
nasal cavity
17
Q
conducting zone is exclusively for
A
air movements between nose and bronchioles
18
Q
respiratory zone is the gas exchange
A
between air and blood
19
Q
what breathing process occurs in the respiratory zone
A
external respiration
20
Q
external nose is also known as
A
nasus
21
Q
it is the visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face
A
external nose (nasus)
22
Q
nares is also known as
A
nostrils
23
Q
what is the largest part of the external nose
A
nasal cavity
24
Q
nasal cavity extends from
A
nares to choanae
25
what are nares
are the external opening of the nose
26
what are choanae
are the opening into the pharynx
27
what are nasal septum
it divides the nasal cavity into the left and right
28
hard palate is formed by the ______of the maxilla and the ______
palatine process
palatine bone
29
it is the floor of the nasal cavity which separates the nasal and oral cavity
hard palate
30
it is 3 bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of nasal cavity
choanae
31
it is the air-filled spaces within the bone
paranasal sinus
32
paranasal sinuses produces
mucus
33
it is the production of the mucus
paranasal sinus
34
what are the 4 type of the paranasal sinuses
(FEMS)
frontal sinuses
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinuses
sphenoid sinuses
35
what is the passageway beneath each conchae
meatus
36
identify the meatus: opening of the paranasal sinuses
superior and middle meatus
37
identify the meatus: opening of the nasolacrimal sinuses
inferior meatus
38
superior and middle meatus is the opening of the ____
paranasal sinuses
39
inferior meatus is the opening of the ____
nasolacrimal sinuses
40
the largest part of the external nose is composed of ____
hyaline cartilage
41
the anterior part of the nasal septum is made out of ____
cartilage
42
the posterior part of the nasal septum consists of ____ and ____
vomer bone
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
43
what are the nose and nasal cavity functions (PHHCC)
passageway of the air
humidifies and warms the air
helps determine the voice and sounds
cleans the air
contains the olfactory epithelium
44
true or false:
cold air damages the respiratory system
true
45
nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain the passageway for air
the nasal cavity is always open
46
nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain how it cleans the air
in the nasal cavity, mucous traps large particles of dust from the air
47
nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain how it humidifies and warms the air
warm blood vessels circulating in the nasal cavity warms the air entering before passing it through the respiratory system
48
nose and nasal cavity functions:
it contains the olfactory epithelium that is capable of ______ at the _______
sensation of smell
superior part of the nasal cavity
49
nose and nasal cavity functions:
what helps determine the voice and the sound
paranasal sinus
nasal cavity
50
mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity, is lined with the _____
pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissues
51
nasal septum and nasal choanae increases the ______ which makes the air flow_____
surface area of nasal cavity
turbulent
52
the pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue has the presence of _____ and _______
and what are their purpose
cilia - sweeps the trapped debris/ foreign particles into the larynx to the digestive system (eliminated )
goblet cells - secretes mucous that traps debris
53
the pharynx is also known as
throat
54
the pharynx is the common opening of the ____ and _____ system
digestive
respiratory
55
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
56
where is nasopharynx located at
posterior to the choanae and the superior part to the soft palate
57
the soft palate separates the _____ from _____
nasopharynx
oropharynx
58
what is uvula
posterior extension of the soft palate
59
what is fauces
it is the opening of the oral cavity
60
oropharynx extends from the _____ to the ______
posterior of the soft palate to the epiglottis
61
laryngopharynx extends from
the tip of the epiglottis and the esophagus and passes the posterior to the larynx
62
what are the 2 tonsils near the fauces
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
63
it is where your food and drink pass through that reaches your esophagus
laryngopharynx
64
larynx is also known as
voice box
65
larynx is the passageway between the ____ and the _____
pharynx
trachea
66
pharynx receives air from the ______
nasal cavity
67
pharyngeal tonsils is also known as
adenoid
68
what is the function of adenoid
defend body against infections
69
the the larynx is located at the ______ and extends from _____ to the _____
anterior part of the throat
the tip of the tongue to the trachea
70
how many total cartilage does larynx have
9
71
how many paired and unpaired cartilage are there in the larynx
6 paired (3 pairs)
3 unpaired
72
the 9 cartilages in the larynx is attached by _____
muscles/ ligaments
73
what are the 3 paired cartilage
paired arytenoid cartilage
paired corniculate cartilage
paired cuneiform cartilage
74
what are the 3 unpaired ligaments
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
75
paired arytenoid cartilage articulates with ....
posterior and superior of cricoid cartilage
76
paired corniculate cartilage articulates with ....
posterior of arytenoid cartilage
77
paired cuneiform cartilage articulates with ....
anterior of the corniculate cartilage
78
it is the largest cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage
79
it is also known as the adam's apple
thyroid cartilage
80
it is the most inferior cartilage, forming the base of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
81
epiglottis is mostly made up of ____ rather than_____ which allows it to ____
elastic cartilage rather than hyalin cartilage which allows it to move freely
82
epiglottis is attached to _____
cricoid cartilage
83
it extends from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
larynx
84
what are the 2 pair of ligaments found in the larynx
vestibular folds
vocal folds
85
vestibular folds is the ....
false vocal cords
86
vocal folds is the ....
true vocal cords
87
vestibular folds covers the _____ ligaments
superior
88
vocal folds covers the _____ ligaments
inferior
89
vestibular folds is inline with the ....
stratified sq. E
90
the remainder of the larynx is in line with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
91
it is the opening at the vocal folds
glottis
92
what are the functions of the larynx (PTSM)
prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
traps debris in air
sound production
maintain open passageway for air movements
93
in the functions of larynx,
what prevents the swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
epiglottis
94
in the functions of larynx,
how does it traps debris in the air
mucous-traps debris
95
in the functions of larynx,
Force of air moving pass the vocal chords determines the…
amplitude of the vibration and the sound loudness
96
in the functions of larynx,
how does it maintain the passageway for air movements
thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
97
the higher the amplitude =
loud sound
98
the lower the amplitude =
soft sound
99
according to vocal fold,
high pitch is only at ....
only anterior parts of the fold vibrates
100
according to vocal fold,
lower pitch is only at ....
Longer section of the fold vibrates
101
it is a membranous tubes that attached to the larynx
Trachea
102
trachea has ________C-shaped pieces of ________
15-20
hyaline cartilage
103
esophagus lies immediately at the ____ to the _____ of the the trachea
posterior
to the cartilage wall
104
it is a constant long term irritation to the trachea
smoker's cough
105
smoker's cough causes the _____ to become _____
tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified sq. E
106
the function of the hyaline cartilage of the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea
it supports the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea - protect trachea and open passageway for air
107
it is a void of cartilage at the trachea
posterior part of the trachea
108
what does void of cartilage mean
no cartilage
109
the posterior part of the trachea is comprised of ____
elastic ligaments membranous membrane
110
What is the membrane lining of trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium tissues
111
Main bronchi divided into ______ with each lung
lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)
112
How many lobar bronchi are there at the right lung
3
113
How many lobar bronchi are there at the left lung
2
114
Lobar bronchi gives rise to _______ then continues to branch giving rise to _______
segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)
115
Bronchioles are subdivided several times to become even smaller _______
terminal bronchioles
116
The main bronchi is supported by _____ connected by _____
c-shape cartilage
smooth muscles
117
When the main bronchi divides to lobar bronchi, the C-shaped cartilage once subdivided and changes to _____
cartilage plate
118
How many generations of branching are there
16
119
It has no cartilage and the smooth muscles are more prominent
terminal bronchioles
120
Terminal bronchioles has no ______ and the smooth muscles are more ______
cartilage
prominent
121
As the bronchi becomes smaller, the cartilage becomes more _______ and the smooth muscles become more _______
sparse (thinly dispersed)
abundant
122
Relaxation and contraction changes the ______ of the air passageway thereby changing the _____________ moving through the them
diameter
volume of air
123
What is asthma attack
it is when the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles decrease in diameter and increase the resistance of air moving in the airway
124
Asthmatic airway increase the production the ______ preventing _______
mucous
prevent from breathing properly
125
It increases the production of mucus which prevent from breathing properly
asthmatic airway
126
The principal organ
lungs
127
One of the largest organ in the body (in the basis of _____ )
lungs
volume
128
How many grams is the right lung
620
129
How many grams is the left lung.
560g
130
Which lung is larger
right lung
131
It is the root of the lung
hilum
132
How many lobes does right lung have
3 lobes
133
How many lobes does left lung have
2 lobes
134
It is a region where the structures enter or exit the lung
hilum
135
The base of lungs lies at the _____
diaphragm
136
fissures separates
lobes
137
lobes divides into ____
branchopulmonary segments
138
bronchopulmonary segments divides into _____
lobules
139
it is the indentation of the lungs
cardiac notch
140
cardiac notch can be found at which lungs
left lungs
141
apec extends approx ____ superior to the _____
2.5cm
clavicle
142
it is a small air-filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood takes place
alveoli
143
alveoli is the exchange between the ___ and the ____
air and the blood
143
what is the breathing process in the alveoli
gas exchange: external respiration
144
how many alveoli are there
approx. 300 million
145
what is the diameter of the alveoli
250 um in diameter with extremely thin wall
146
it is a long branching hallways with many open doorways and ends with 2 or more alveolar sacs
alveolar ducts
147
it is a chamber that connected 2 or more alveoli
alveolar sacs
148
what is the membrane lining of the the alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
149
what is the membrane lining of the bronchioles
simple cuboidal
150
are alveoli and bronchioles ciliated or non ciliated
non ciliated
151
since alveoli and bronchioles are non ciliated, what removes the debris in the air
mucus
152
where does your macrophages in the alveoli and bronchioles come from?
lymphatic vessels
terminal bronchioles
153
what are the 2 cells present in the alveolar walls
type I pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes
154
identify the cells in the alveolar walls:
most of the gas exchange happens in these cells
type I pneumocytes
155
type I pneumocytes comprise of ____
thin squamous epithelium cells
156
identify the cells in the alveolar walls:
round cubes shaped secretory cells that releases surfactant which make sit easier for the alveoli to expand during respiration
type II pneumocytes
157
type II pneumocytes secretes _____ which makes sit easier for the alveoli to expand during _____
surfactant
inspiration
158
what is the breathing process of the respiratory membrane?
it is the gas exchange between the ____ and ____
gas exchange: external respiration
air and the blood
159
respiratory membrane has several layers from ____ to ____
lungs to blood vessels
160
name the several layers of the respiratory membrane from the lungs to the blood vessels
161
it is contained within the thoracic cavity
lungs
162
each lung is surrounded by ....
separated plural cavity
163
it is filled with pleural fluid
pleural cavity
164
what are the functions of the pleural cavity
lubricant
hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes
165
which membrane covers the thoracic walls
visceral pleura
166
which membrane covers the surface of the lungs
parietal pleura
167
what is the serous fluid that is found in between the lungs
pleural fluid
168
it is the midline partition
mediastinum
169
mediastinum is formed by ....
(HTES)
heart
trachea
esophagus
associated structures
170
mediastinum formed by the organs is separated by the
pleural fluid
171
the lubricant allows the parietal pleura and visceral pleura to _____ as the lungs and thorax change shape during _____
slide past each other
ventilation
172
PO2
partial pressure of oxygen
173
PCO2
partial pressure of the carbon dioxide
174
What is the product when the O2 facilitate the equilibrium
equal level of partial pressure in oxygen and carbon dioxide
175
The x axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
partial pressure of oxygen
176
The y axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
oxygen saturation
177
The greater the movement, the greater the ____ that the ____ requires
oxygen
organs
178
What is the partial pressure of the ___ mm Hg in the lungs , hemoglobin is ______ saturated with oxygen
104 mm Hg
98%
179
Tissue at rest,
PO2 of ____ mm Hg
Hemoglobin is ____ saturated with oxygen and ____ of the O2 picked up in the lungs is released to the tissues
40
75
23
180
Tissues during exercise,
PO2 is at ____ mm Hg
Hemoglobin in can be ____ saturated with oxygen and
____ of the oxygen picked up in the lungs is released to the tissues
15
25
73
181
when curve shirt to the right,_____ O2 affinity, ____ pH, _____ CO2, _____ temp
decrease
decrease
increase
increase
182
when curve shirt to the left,_____ O2 affinity, ____ pH, _____ CO2, _____ temp
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
183
what are the rhythmic ventilation
starting inspiration
increasing inspiration
stopping inspiration
184
identify the rhythmic ventilation:
medullar respiratory center neurons are continuously active. it receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotions
starting respiration
185
identify the rhythmic ventilation:
more neurons are being activated
increasing respiration
186
identify the rhythmic ventilation:
neurons stimulating also responsible for stopping and receive input form pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscles results in expiration
stopping respiration
187
stopping respiration usually lasts for ____ seconds
3
188
increasing respiration usually lasts for ____ seconds
2
189
the conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements
cerebral and limbic system control
190
absence of breathing
apnea
191
apnea
absence of breathing
192
true or false:
can emotions affect the the respiratory zone
true
193
strong emotions may cause _____
hyperventilation
194
major regulatory mechanisms of ventilation are called ____
chemoreceptors
195
central chemoreceptors are connected to ____
respiratory centers
196
peripheral chemoreceptors found in ___ and ____
carotid and arotic body
197
what are the irritants of bronchitis
cigarette's smoke or
infection
198
inflammation of bronchi caused by irritants
bronchitis
199
bronchitis can make progress to _____
emphysema
200
what is the medication for asthma
albuterol
201
it is the destruction of alveolar walls, increasing coughing pressure on the alveoli causing rupture and destruction
emphysema
202
loss of alveoli, _____ surface area for gas exchange and _____ the lung's ability to expel air
decreased
decreases
203
is there cure for emphysema
no
204
bronchitis + emphysema =
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
205
genetic disorder the affects mucus secretion throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein
cystic fibrosis
205
airflow is restricted and infections are more likely
cystic fibrosis
206
it can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections on the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing and chest pain
pneumonia
207
it is a serious infectious disease. it is spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into air via coughs and sneezes
tuberculosis
208
it is the destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to lead to a very server cough
whooping cough
209
DPT
diphtheria pertussis, tetanus vaccine
