Respiratory System Flashcards
It refers to all breathing process
respiration
What are the different type of breathing process and it’s sequence
ventilation
gas exchange: external respiration
transport of oxygen
gas exchange: internal respiration
External respiration is the exchange of gases between…
air in the lugs and the body
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between…
the blood and the tissues
What are the functions of the respiratory system (PPROV)
protection
production of chemical mediators
regulation of blood pH
olfaction
voice production
Explain the respiratory function of the regulation of blood pH
by changing the carbon dioxide level in the circulatory
Explain the respiratory function of the voice production
air moves pass the vocal chords = produce sounds and speech
Explain the respiratory function of the production of chemical mediators
produces angiotensin-converting enzyme that isa regulator that maintains the blood pressure
Explain the respiratory function of the olfaction
sensation of smell occurs when air is drawn towards the nasal cavity
Explain the respiratory function of protection
cilia - prevents the foreign particles/ some materials from entering the bodies
but if its in the body, the respiratory system will get rid of it
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system (structure)
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system (function)
conducting zone
respiratory zone
upper respiratory tract consists of
(L-PEN)
larynx
pharynx
external nose
nasal cavity
lower respiratory tract consists of
(L-TB)
lungs
trachea
bronchi (including small bronchioles)
conducting zone consists of
(TL-PEN)
trachea
larynx
pharynx
external nose
nasal cavity
conducting zone is exclusively for
air movements between nose and bronchioles
respiratory zone is the gas exchange
between air and blood
what breathing process occurs in the respiratory zone
external respiration
external nose is also known as
nasus
it is the visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face
external nose (nasus)
nares is also known as
nostrils
what is the largest part of the external nose
nasal cavity
nasal cavity extends from
nares to choanae
what are nares
are the external opening of the nose
what are choanae
are the opening into the pharynx
what are nasal septum
it divides the nasal cavity into the left and right
hard palate is formed by the ______of the maxilla and the ______
palatine process
palatine bone
it is the floor of the nasal cavity which separates the nasal and oral cavity
hard palate
it is 3 bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of nasal cavity
choanae
it is the air-filled spaces within the bone
paranasal sinus
paranasal sinuses produces
mucus
it is the production of the mucus
paranasal sinus
what are the 4 type of the paranasal sinuses
(FEMS)
frontal sinuses
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinuses
sphenoid sinuses
what is the passageway beneath each conchae
meatus
identify the meatus: opening of the paranasal sinuses
superior and middle meatus
identify the meatus: opening of the nasolacrimal sinuses
inferior meatus
superior and middle meatus is the opening of the ____
paranasal sinuses
inferior meatus is the opening of the ____
nasolacrimal sinuses
the largest part of the external nose is composed of ____
hyaline cartilage
the anterior part of the nasal septum is made out of ____
cartilage
the posterior part of the nasal septum consists of ____ and ____
vomer bone
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
what are the nose and nasal cavity functions (PHHCC)
passageway of the air
humidifies and warms the air
helps determine the voice and sounds
cleans the air
contains the olfactory epithelium
true or false:
cold air damages the respiratory system
true
nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain the passageway for air
the nasal cavity is always open
nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain how it cleans the air
in the nasal cavity, mucous traps large particles of dust from the air
nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain how it humidifies and warms the air
warm blood vessels circulating in the nasal cavity warms the air entering before passing it through the respiratory system
nose and nasal cavity functions:
it contains the olfactory epithelium that is capable of ______ at the _______
sensation of smell
superior part of the nasal cavity
nose and nasal cavity functions:
what helps determine the voice and the sound
paranasal sinus
nasal cavity
mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity, is lined with the _____
pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissues
nasal septum and nasal choanae increases the ______ which makes the air flow_____
surface area of nasal cavity
turbulent
the pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue has the presence of _____ and _______
and what are their purpose
cilia - sweeps the trapped debris/ foreign particles into the larynx to the digestive system (eliminated )
goblet cells - secretes mucous that traps debris
the pharynx is also known as
throat
the pharynx is the common opening of the ____ and _____ system
digestive
respiratory
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
where is nasopharynx located at
posterior to the choanae and the superior part to the soft palate
the soft palate separates the _____ from _____
nasopharynx
oropharynx
what is uvula
posterior extension of the soft palate
what is fauces
it is the opening of the oral cavity
oropharynx extends from the _____ to the ______
posterior of the soft palate to the epiglottis
laryngopharynx extends from
the tip of the epiglottis and the esophagus and passes the posterior to the larynx
what are the 2 tonsils near the fauces
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
it is where your food and drink pass through that reaches your esophagus
laryngopharynx
larynx is also known as
voice box
larynx is the passageway between the ____ and the _____
pharynx
trachea
pharynx receives air from the ______
nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils is also known as
adenoid
what is the function of adenoid
defend body against infections
the the larynx is located at the ______ and extends from _____ to the _____
anterior part of the throat
the tip of the tongue to the trachea
how many total cartilage does larynx have
9
how many paired and unpaired cartilage are there in the larynx
6 paired (3 pairs)
3 unpaired
the 9 cartilages in the larynx is attached by _____
muscles/ ligaments
what are the 3 paired cartilage
paired arytenoid cartilage
paired corniculate cartilage
paired cuneiform cartilage
what are the 3 unpaired ligaments
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
paired arytenoid cartilage articulates with ….
posterior and superior of cricoid cartilage
paired corniculate cartilage articulates with ….
posterior of arytenoid cartilage
paired cuneiform cartilage articulates with ….
anterior of the corniculate cartilage
it is the largest cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage
it is also known as the adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
it is the most inferior cartilage, forming the base of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis is mostly made up of ____ rather than_____ which allows it to ____
elastic cartilage rather than hyalin cartilage which allows it to move freely
epiglottis is attached to _____
cricoid cartilage
it extends from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
larynx
what are the 2 pair of ligaments found in the larynx
vestibular folds
vocal folds
vestibular folds is the ….
false vocal cords
vocal folds is the ….
true vocal cords
vestibular folds covers the _____ ligaments
superior
vocal folds covers the _____ ligaments
inferior
vestibular folds is inline with the ….
stratified sq. E
the remainder of the larynx is in line with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
it is the opening at the vocal folds
glottis
what are the functions of the larynx (PTSM)
prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
traps debris in air
sound production
maintain open passageway for air movements
in the functions of larynx,
what prevents the swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
epiglottis
in the functions of larynx,
how does it traps debris in the air
mucous-traps debris
in the functions of larynx,
Force of air moving pass the vocal chords determines the…
amplitude of the vibration and the sound loudness
in the functions of larynx,
how does it maintain the passageway for air movements
thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
the higher the amplitude =
loud sound
the lower the amplitude =
soft sound
according to vocal fold,
high pitch is only at ….
only anterior parts of the fold vibrates
according to vocal fold,
lower pitch is only at ….
Longer section of the fold vibrates
it is a membranous tubes that attached to the larynx
Trachea
trachea has ________C-shaped pieces of ________
15-20
hyaline cartilage
esophagus lies immediately at the ____ to the _____ of the the trachea
posterior
to the cartilage wall
it is a constant long term irritation to the trachea
smoker’s cough
smoker’s cough causes the _____ to become _____
tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified sq. E
the function of the hyaline cartilage of the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea
it supports the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea - protect trachea and open passageway for air
it is a void of cartilage at the trachea
posterior part of the trachea
what does void of cartilage mean
no cartilage
the posterior part of the trachea is comprised of ____
elastic ligaments membranous membrane
What is the membrane lining of trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium tissues
Main bronchi divided into ______ with each lung
lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)
How many lobar bronchi are there at the right lung
3
How many lobar bronchi are there at the left lung
2
Lobar bronchi gives rise to _______ then continues to branch giving rise to _______
segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)
Bronchioles are subdivided several times to become even smaller _______
terminal bronchioles
The main bronchi is supported by _____ connected by _____
c-shape cartilage
smooth muscles
When the main bronchi divides to lobar bronchi, the C-shaped cartilage once subdivided and changes to _____
cartilage plate
How many generations of branching are there
16
It has no cartilage and the smooth muscles are more prominent
terminal bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles has no ______ and the smooth muscles are more ______
cartilage
prominent
As the bronchi becomes smaller, the cartilage becomes more _______ and the smooth muscles become more _______
sparse (thinly dispersed)
abundant
Relaxation and contraction changes the ______ of the air passageway thereby changing the _____________ moving through the them
diameter
volume of air
What is asthma attack
it is when the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles decrease in diameter and increase the resistance of air moving in the airway
Asthmatic airway increase the production the ______ preventing _______
mucous
prevent from breathing properly
It increases the production of mucus which prevent from breathing properly
asthmatic airway
The principal organ
lungs
One of the largest organ in the body (in the basis of _____ )
lungs
volume
How many grams is the right lung
620
How many grams is the left lung.
560g
Which lung is larger
right lung
It is the root of the lung
hilum
How many lobes does right lung have
3 lobes
How many lobes does left lung have
2 lobes
It is a region where the structures enter or exit the lung
hilum
The base of lungs lies at the _____
diaphragm
fissures separates
lobes
lobes divides into ____
branchopulmonary segments
bronchopulmonary segments divides into _____
lobules
it is the indentation of the lungs
cardiac notch
cardiac notch can be found at which lungs
left lungs
apec extends approx ____ superior to the _____
2.5cm
clavicle
it is a small air-filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood takes place
alveoli
alveoli is the exchange between the ___ and the ____
air and the blood
what is the breathing process in the alveoli
gas exchange: external respiration
how many alveoli are there
approx. 300 million
what is the diameter of the alveoli
250 um in diameter with extremely thin wall
it is a long branching hallways with many open doorways and ends with 2 or more alveolar sacs
alveolar ducts
it is a chamber that connected 2 or more alveoli
alveolar sacs
what is the membrane lining of the the alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
what is the membrane lining of the bronchioles
simple cuboidal
are alveoli and bronchioles ciliated or non ciliated
non ciliated
since alveoli and bronchioles are non ciliated, what removes the debris in the air
mucus
where does your macrophages in the alveoli and bronchioles come from?
lymphatic vessels
terminal bronchioles
what are the 2 cells present in the alveolar walls
type I pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes
identify the cells in the alveolar walls:
most of the gas exchange happens in these cells
type I pneumocytes
type I pneumocytes comprise of ____
thin squamous epithelium cells
identify the cells in the alveolar walls:
round cubes shaped secretory cells that releases surfactant which make sit easier for the alveoli to expand during respiration
type II pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes secretes _____ which makes sit easier for the alveoli to expand during _____
surfactant
inspiration
what is the breathing process of the respiratory membrane?
it is the gas exchange between the ____ and ____
gas exchange: external respiration
air and the blood
respiratory membrane has several layers from ____ to ____
lungs to blood vessels
name the several layers of the respiratory membrane from the lungs to the blood vessels
it is contained within the thoracic cavity
lungs
each lung is surrounded by ….
separated plural cavity
it is filled with pleural fluid
pleural cavity
what are the functions of the pleural cavity
lubricant
hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes
which membrane covers the thoracic walls
visceral pleura
which membrane covers the surface of the lungs
parietal pleura
what is the serous fluid that is found in between the lungs
pleural fluid
it is the midline partition
mediastinum
mediastinum is formed by ….
(HTES)
heart
trachea
esophagus
associated structures
mediastinum formed by the organs is separated by the
pleural fluid
the lubricant allows the parietal pleura and visceral pleura to _____ as the lungs and thorax change shape during _____
slide past each other
ventilation
PO2
partial pressure of oxygen
PCO2
partial pressure of the carbon dioxide
What is the product when the O2 facilitate the equilibrium
equal level of partial pressure in oxygen and carbon dioxide
The x axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
partial pressure of oxygen
The y axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
oxygen saturation
The greater the movement, the greater the ____ that the ____ requires
oxygen
organs
What is the partial pressure of the ___ mm Hg in the lungs , hemoglobin is ______ saturated with oxygen
104 mm Hg
98%
Tissue at rest,
PO2 of ____ mm Hg
Hemoglobin is ____ saturated with oxygen and ____ of the O2 picked up in the lungs is released to the tissues
40
75
23
Tissues during exercise,
PO2 is at ____ mm Hg
Hemoglobin in can be ____ saturated with oxygen and
____ of the oxygen picked up in the lungs is released to the tissues
15
25
73
when curve shirt to the right,_____ O2 affinity, ____ pH, _____ CO2, _____ temp
decrease
decrease
increase
increase
when curve shirt to the left,_____ O2 affinity, ____ pH, _____ CO2, _____ temp
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
what are the rhythmic ventilation
starting inspiration
increasing inspiration
stopping inspiration
identify the rhythmic ventilation:
medullar respiratory center neurons are continuously active. it receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotions
starting respiration
identify the rhythmic ventilation:
more neurons are being activated
increasing respiration
identify the rhythmic ventilation:
neurons stimulating also responsible for stopping and receive input form pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscles results in expiration
stopping respiration
stopping respiration usually lasts for ____ seconds
3
increasing respiration usually lasts for ____ seconds
2
the conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements
cerebral and limbic system control
absence of breathing
apnea
apnea
absence of breathing
true or false:
can emotions affect the the respiratory zone
true
strong emotions may cause _____
hyperventilation
major regulatory mechanisms of ventilation are called ____
chemoreceptors
central chemoreceptors are connected to ____
respiratory centers
peripheral chemoreceptors found in ___ and ____
carotid and arotic body
what are the irritants of bronchitis
cigarette’s smoke or
infection
inflammation of bronchi caused by irritants
bronchitis
bronchitis can make progress to _____
emphysema
what is the medication for asthma
albuterol
it is the destruction of alveolar walls, increasing coughing pressure on the alveoli causing rupture and destruction
emphysema
loss of alveoli, _____ surface area for gas exchange and _____ the lung’s ability to expel air
decreased
decreases
is there cure for emphysema
no
bronchitis + emphysema =
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
genetic disorder the affects mucus secretion throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein
cystic fibrosis
airflow is restricted and infections are more likely
cystic fibrosis
it can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections on the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing and chest pain
pneumonia
it is a serious infectious disease. it is spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into air via coughs and sneezes
tuberculosis
it is the destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to lead to a very server cough
whooping cough
DPT
diphtheria pertussis, tetanus vaccine
