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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to all breathing process

A

respiration

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2
Q

What are the different type of breathing process and it’s sequence

A

ventilation
gas exchange: external respiration
transport of oxygen
gas exchange: internal respiration

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3
Q

External respiration is the exchange of gases between…

A

air in the lugs and the body

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4
Q

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between…

A

the blood and the tissues

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5
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system (PPROV)

A

protection
production of chemical mediators
regulation of blood pH
olfaction
voice production

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6
Q

Explain the respiratory function of the regulation of blood pH

A

by changing the carbon dioxide level in the circulatory

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7
Q

Explain the respiratory function of the voice production

A

air moves pass the vocal chords = produce sounds and speech

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8
Q

Explain the respiratory function of the production of chemical mediators

A

produces angiotensin-converting enzyme that isa regulator that maintains the blood pressure

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9
Q

Explain the respiratory function of the olfaction

A

sensation of smell occurs when air is drawn towards the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Explain the respiratory function of protection

A

cilia - prevents the foreign particles/ some materials from entering the bodies
but if its in the body, the respiratory system will get rid of it

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11
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

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12
Q

What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system (structure)

A

upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract

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13
Q

What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system (function)

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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14
Q

upper respiratory tract consists of

A

(L-PEN)
larynx
pharynx
external nose
nasal cavity

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15
Q

lower respiratory tract consists of

A

(L-TB)
lungs
trachea
bronchi (including small bronchioles)

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16
Q

conducting zone consists of

A

(TL-PEN)
trachea
larynx
pharynx
external nose
nasal cavity

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17
Q

conducting zone is exclusively for

A

air movements between nose and bronchioles

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18
Q

respiratory zone is the gas exchange

A

between air and blood

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19
Q

what breathing process occurs in the respiratory zone

A

external respiration

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20
Q

external nose is also known as

A

nasus

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21
Q

it is the visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face

A

external nose (nasus)

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22
Q

nares is also known as

A

nostrils

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23
Q

what is the largest part of the external nose

A

nasal cavity

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24
Q

nasal cavity extends from

A

nares to choanae

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25
Q

what are nares

A

are the external opening of the nose

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26
Q

what are choanae

A

are the opening into the pharynx

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27
Q

what are nasal septum

A

it divides the nasal cavity into the left and right

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28
Q

hard palate is formed by the ______of the maxilla and the ______

A

palatine process
palatine bone

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29
Q

it is the floor of the nasal cavity which separates the nasal and oral cavity

A

hard palate

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30
Q

it is 3 bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of nasal cavity

A

choanae

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31
Q

it is the air-filled spaces within the bone

A

paranasal sinus

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32
Q

paranasal sinuses produces

A

mucus

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33
Q

it is the production of the mucus

A

paranasal sinus

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34
Q

what are the 4 type of the paranasal sinuses

A

(FEMS)
frontal sinuses
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinuses
sphenoid sinuses

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35
Q

what is the passageway beneath each conchae

A

meatus

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36
Q

identify the meatus: opening of the paranasal sinuses

A

superior and middle meatus

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37
Q

identify the meatus: opening of the nasolacrimal sinuses

A

inferior meatus

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38
Q

superior and middle meatus is the opening of the ____

A

paranasal sinuses

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39
Q

inferior meatus is the opening of the ____

A

nasolacrimal sinuses

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40
Q

the largest part of the external nose is composed of ____

A

hyaline cartilage

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41
Q

the anterior part of the nasal septum is made out of ____

A

cartilage

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42
Q

the posterior part of the nasal septum consists of ____ and ____

A

vomer bone
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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43
Q

what are the nose and nasal cavity functions (PHHCC)

A

passageway of the air
humidifies and warms the air
helps determine the voice and sounds
cleans the air
contains the olfactory epithelium

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44
Q

true or false:
cold air damages the respiratory system

A

true

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45
Q

nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain the passageway for air

A

the nasal cavity is always open

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46
Q

nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain how it cleans the air

A

in the nasal cavity, mucous traps large particles of dust from the air

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47
Q

nose and nasal cavity functions:
explain how it humidifies and warms the air

A

warm blood vessels circulating in the nasal cavity warms the air entering before passing it through the respiratory system

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48
Q

nose and nasal cavity functions:
it contains the olfactory epithelium that is capable of ______ at the _______

A

sensation of smell
superior part of the nasal cavity

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49
Q

nose and nasal cavity functions:
what helps determine the voice and the sound

A

paranasal sinus
nasal cavity

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50
Q

mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity, is lined with the _____

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissues

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51
Q

nasal septum and nasal choanae increases the ______ which makes the air flow_____

A

surface area of nasal cavity
turbulent

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52
Q

the pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue has the presence of _____ and _______
and what are their purpose

A

cilia - sweeps the trapped debris/ foreign particles into the larynx to the digestive system (eliminated )
goblet cells - secretes mucous that traps debris

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53
Q

the pharynx is also known as

A

throat

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54
Q

the pharynx is the common opening of the ____ and _____ system

A

digestive
respiratory

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55
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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56
Q

where is nasopharynx located at

A

posterior to the choanae and the superior part to the soft palate

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57
Q

the soft palate separates the _____ from _____

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx

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58
Q

what is uvula

A

posterior extension of the soft palate

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59
Q

what is fauces

A

it is the opening of the oral cavity

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60
Q

oropharynx extends from the _____ to the ______

A

posterior of the soft palate to the epiglottis

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61
Q

laryngopharynx extends from

A

the tip of the epiglottis and the esophagus and passes the posterior to the larynx

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62
Q

what are the 2 tonsils near the fauces

A

palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils

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63
Q

it is where your food and drink pass through that reaches your esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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64
Q

larynx is also known as

A

voice box

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65
Q

larynx is the passageway between the ____ and the _____

A

pharynx
trachea

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66
Q

pharynx receives air from the ______

A

nasal cavity

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67
Q

pharyngeal tonsils is also known as

A

adenoid

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68
Q

what is the function of adenoid

A

defend body against infections

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69
Q

the the larynx is located at the ______ and extends from _____ to the _____

A

anterior part of the throat
the tip of the tongue to the trachea

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70
Q

how many total cartilage does larynx have

A

9

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71
Q

how many paired and unpaired cartilage are there in the larynx

A

6 paired (3 pairs)
3 unpaired

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72
Q

the 9 cartilages in the larynx is attached by _____

A

muscles/ ligaments

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73
Q

what are the 3 paired cartilage

A

paired arytenoid cartilage
paired corniculate cartilage
paired cuneiform cartilage

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74
Q

what are the 3 unpaired ligaments

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis

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75
Q

paired arytenoid cartilage articulates with ….

A

posterior and superior of cricoid cartilage

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76
Q

paired corniculate cartilage articulates with ….

A

posterior of arytenoid cartilage

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77
Q

paired cuneiform cartilage articulates with ….

A

anterior of the corniculate cartilage

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78
Q

it is the largest cartilage in the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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79
Q

it is also known as the adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

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80
Q

it is the most inferior cartilage, forming the base of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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81
Q

epiglottis is mostly made up of ____ rather than_____ which allows it to ____

A

elastic cartilage rather than hyalin cartilage which allows it to move freely

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82
Q

epiglottis is attached to _____

A

cricoid cartilage

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83
Q

it extends from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage

A

larynx

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84
Q

what are the 2 pair of ligaments found in the larynx

A

vestibular folds
vocal folds

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85
Q

vestibular folds is the ….

A

false vocal cords

86
Q

vocal folds is the ….

A

true vocal cords

87
Q

vestibular folds covers the _____ ligaments

A

superior

88
Q

vocal folds covers the _____ ligaments

A

inferior

89
Q

vestibular folds is inline with the ….

A

stratified sq. E

90
Q

the remainder of the larynx is in line with

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

91
Q

it is the opening at the vocal folds

A

glottis

92
Q

what are the functions of the larynx (PTSM)

A

prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
traps debris in air
sound production
maintain open passageway for air movements

93
Q

in the functions of larynx,
what prevents the swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract

A

epiglottis

94
Q

in the functions of larynx,
how does it traps debris in the air

A

mucous-traps debris

95
Q

in the functions of larynx,
Force of air moving pass the vocal chords determines the…

A

amplitude of the vibration and the sound loudness

96
Q

in the functions of larynx,
how does it maintain the passageway for air movements

A

thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

97
Q

the higher the amplitude =

A

loud sound

98
Q

the lower the amplitude =

A

soft sound

99
Q

according to vocal fold,
high pitch is only at ….

A

only anterior parts of the fold vibrates

100
Q

according to vocal fold,
lower pitch is only at ….

A

Longer section of the fold vibrates

101
Q

it is a membranous tubes that attached to the larynx

A

Trachea

102
Q

trachea has ________C-shaped pieces of ________

A

15-20
hyaline cartilage

103
Q

esophagus lies immediately at the ____ to the _____ of the the trachea

A

posterior
to the cartilage wall

104
Q

it is a constant long term irritation to the trachea

A

smoker’s cough

105
Q

smoker’s cough causes the _____ to become _____

A

tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified sq. E

106
Q

the function of the hyaline cartilage of the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea

A

it supports the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea - protect trachea and open passageway for air

107
Q

it is a void of cartilage at the trachea

A

posterior part of the trachea

108
Q

what does void of cartilage mean

A

no cartilage

109
Q

the posterior part of the trachea is comprised of ____

A

elastic ligaments membranous membrane

110
Q

What is the membrane lining of trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium tissues

111
Q

Main bronchi divided into ______ with each lung

A

lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)

112
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there at the right lung

A

3

113
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there at the left lung

A

2

114
Q

Lobar bronchi gives rise to _______ then continues to branch giving rise to _______

A

segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)

115
Q

Bronchioles are subdivided several times to become even smaller _______

A

terminal bronchioles

116
Q

The main bronchi is supported by _____ connected by _____

A

c-shape cartilage
smooth muscles

117
Q

When the main bronchi divides to lobar bronchi, the C-shaped cartilage once subdivided and changes to _____

A

cartilage plate

118
Q

How many generations of branching are there

A

16

119
Q

It has no cartilage and the smooth muscles are more prominent

A

terminal bronchioles

120
Q

Terminal bronchioles has no ______ and the smooth muscles are more ______

A

cartilage
prominent

121
Q

As the bronchi becomes smaller, the cartilage becomes more _______ and the smooth muscles become more _______

A

sparse (thinly dispersed)
abundant

122
Q

Relaxation and contraction changes the ______ of the air passageway thereby changing the _____________ moving through the them

A

diameter
volume of air

123
Q

What is asthma attack

A

it is when the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles decrease in diameter and increase the resistance of air moving in the airway

124
Q

Asthmatic airway increase the production the ______ preventing _______

A

mucous
prevent from breathing properly

125
Q

It increases the production of mucus which prevent from breathing properly

A

asthmatic airway

126
Q

The principal organ

A

lungs

127
Q

One of the largest organ in the body (in the basis of _____ )

A

lungs
volume

128
Q

How many grams is the right lung

A

620

129
Q

How many grams is the left lung.

A

560g

130
Q

Which lung is larger

A

right lung

131
Q

It is the root of the lung

A

hilum

132
Q

How many lobes does right lung have

A

3 lobes

133
Q

How many lobes does left lung have

A

2 lobes

134
Q

It is a region where the structures enter or exit the lung

A

hilum

135
Q

The base of lungs lies at the _____

A

diaphragm

136
Q

fissures separates

A

lobes

137
Q

lobes divides into ____

A

branchopulmonary segments

138
Q

bronchopulmonary segments divides into _____

A

lobules

139
Q

it is the indentation of the lungs

A

cardiac notch

140
Q

cardiac notch can be found at which lungs

A

left lungs

141
Q

apec extends approx ____ superior to the _____

A

2.5cm
clavicle

142
Q

it is a small air-filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood takes place

A

alveoli

143
Q

alveoli is the exchange between the ___ and the ____

A

air and the blood

143
Q

what is the breathing process in the alveoli

A

gas exchange: external respiration

144
Q

how many alveoli are there

A

approx. 300 million

145
Q

what is the diameter of the alveoli

A

250 um in diameter with extremely thin wall

146
Q

it is a long branching hallways with many open doorways and ends with 2 or more alveolar sacs

A

alveolar ducts

147
Q

it is a chamber that connected 2 or more alveoli

A

alveolar sacs

148
Q

what is the membrane lining of the the alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium

149
Q

what is the membrane lining of the bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal

150
Q

are alveoli and bronchioles ciliated or non ciliated

A

non ciliated

151
Q

since alveoli and bronchioles are non ciliated, what removes the debris in the air

A

mucus

152
Q

where does your macrophages in the alveoli and bronchioles come from?

A

lymphatic vessels
terminal bronchioles

153
Q

what are the 2 cells present in the alveolar walls

A

type I pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes

154
Q

identify the cells in the alveolar walls:
most of the gas exchange happens in these cells

A

type I pneumocytes

155
Q

type I pneumocytes comprise of ____

A

thin squamous epithelium cells

156
Q

identify the cells in the alveolar walls:
round cubes shaped secretory cells that releases surfactant which make sit easier for the alveoli to expand during respiration

A

type II pneumocytes

157
Q

type II pneumocytes secretes _____ which makes sit easier for the alveoli to expand during _____

A

surfactant
inspiration

158
Q

what is the breathing process of the respiratory membrane?
it is the gas exchange between the ____ and ____

A

gas exchange: external respiration
air and the blood

159
Q

respiratory membrane has several layers from ____ to ____

A

lungs to blood vessels

160
Q

name the several layers of the respiratory membrane from the lungs to the blood vessels

A
161
Q

it is contained within the thoracic cavity

A

lungs

162
Q

each lung is surrounded by ….

A

separated plural cavity

163
Q

it is filled with pleural fluid

A

pleural cavity

164
Q

what are the functions of the pleural cavity

A

lubricant
hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes

165
Q

which membrane covers the thoracic walls

A

visceral pleura

166
Q

which membrane covers the surface of the lungs

A

parietal pleura

167
Q

what is the serous fluid that is found in between the lungs

A

pleural fluid

168
Q

it is the midline partition

A

mediastinum

169
Q

mediastinum is formed by ….

A

(HTES)
heart
trachea
esophagus
associated structures

170
Q

mediastinum formed by the organs is separated by the

A

pleural fluid

171
Q

the lubricant allows the parietal pleura and visceral pleura to _____ as the lungs and thorax change shape during _____

A

slide past each other
ventilation

172
Q

PO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen

173
Q

PCO2

A

partial pressure of the carbon dioxide

174
Q

What is the product when the O2 facilitate the equilibrium

A

equal level of partial pressure in oxygen and carbon dioxide

175
Q

The x axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

partial pressure of oxygen

176
Q

The y axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

oxygen saturation

177
Q

The greater the movement, the greater the ____ that the ____ requires

A

oxygen
organs

178
Q

What is the partial pressure of the ___ mm Hg in the lungs , hemoglobin is ______ saturated with oxygen

A

104 mm Hg
98%

179
Q

Tissue at rest,
PO2 of ____ mm Hg
Hemoglobin is ____ saturated with oxygen and ____ of the O2 picked up in the lungs is released to the tissues

A

40
75
23

180
Q

Tissues during exercise,
PO2 is at ____ mm Hg
Hemoglobin in can be ____ saturated with oxygen and
____ of the oxygen picked up in the lungs is released to the tissues

A

15
25
73

181
Q

when curve shirt to the right,_____ O2 affinity, ____ pH, _____ CO2, _____ temp

A

decrease
decrease
increase
increase

182
Q

when curve shirt to the left,_____ O2 affinity, ____ pH, _____ CO2, _____ temp

A

increase
increase
decrease
decrease

183
Q

what are the rhythmic ventilation

A

starting inspiration
increasing inspiration
stopping inspiration

184
Q

identify the rhythmic ventilation:
medullar respiratory center neurons are continuously active. it receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotions

A

starting respiration

185
Q

identify the rhythmic ventilation:
more neurons are being activated

A

increasing respiration

186
Q

identify the rhythmic ventilation:
neurons stimulating also responsible for stopping and receive input form pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscles results in expiration

A

stopping respiration

187
Q

stopping respiration usually lasts for ____ seconds

A

3

188
Q

increasing respiration usually lasts for ____ seconds

A

2

189
Q

the conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements

A

cerebral and limbic system control

190
Q

absence of breathing

A

apnea

191
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

192
Q

true or false:
can emotions affect the the respiratory zone

A

true

193
Q

strong emotions may cause _____

A

hyperventilation

194
Q

major regulatory mechanisms of ventilation are called ____

A

chemoreceptors

195
Q

central chemoreceptors are connected to ____

A

respiratory centers

196
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors found in ___ and ____

A

carotid and arotic body

197
Q

what are the irritants of bronchitis

A

cigarette’s smoke or
infection

198
Q

inflammation of bronchi caused by irritants

A

bronchitis

199
Q

bronchitis can make progress to _____

A

emphysema

200
Q

what is the medication for asthma

A

albuterol

201
Q

it is the destruction of alveolar walls, increasing coughing pressure on the alveoli causing rupture and destruction

A

emphysema

202
Q

loss of alveoli, _____ surface area for gas exchange and _____ the lung’s ability to expel air

A

decreased
decreases

203
Q

is there cure for emphysema

A

no

204
Q

bronchitis + emphysema =

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

205
Q

genetic disorder the affects mucus secretion throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein

A

cystic fibrosis

205
Q

airflow is restricted and infections are more likely

A

cystic fibrosis

206
Q

it can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections on the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing and chest pain

A

pneumonia

207
Q

it is a serious infectious disease. it is spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into air via coughs and sneezes

A

tuberculosis

208
Q

it is the destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to lead to a very server cough

A

whooping cough

209
Q

DPT

A

diphtheria pertussis, tetanus vaccine

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) (15 decks)

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