Excretory System Flashcards
What is the kidney shape
2 paired, bean shaped structures
Where is the kidney located
below the ribcage at each side of the spine
Kidney sort substance from blood for either ______ or ______
removal of urine
return to the blood
It is the functional unit of kidney
nephron
The purpose of nephron
filtrates blood
clean blood - bloodstream
waste products - urine
It is a small muscular tube lined with transitional epithelium tissue
ureters
Ureters carries the urine from the _____ to the ____
renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
It acts as a reservoir for urine
urinary bladder
The urinary is able to stretch to hold _______
large volume of urine
The maximum storage of urine
1000ml
What is the volume of noticeable discomfort
500ml
What and why is the tissue found in lining of the urinary bladder
transitional epithelium tissue
able to stretch
It is fibromuscular tube that carries urine from ____ to the ____
urethra
Bladder to the exterior of the body
Who has longer urethra? Male or female
male
What are the major organs of the urinary system
kidney
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It is the outer kidney region, which is lighter in color
renal cortex
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It is deep into the cortex
renal medulla
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
What is the color of the renal medulla
dark, reddish-brown in color
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It is a relatively flat, basin like cavity
renal pelvis
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
The renal pelvis is a continuous with the _____ that _____
ureter
waste products enters from blood
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It delivers blood to the kidneys
renal artery
Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It drains blood out of the kidneys
renal veins
List down all the structures of the nephron
Renal arteries
Glomerulus
Efferent Arterioles
Proximal convoluted tubules
Loop of henle
- descending limb of loop of henle
- ascending limb of loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting tubules
Structure of the nephron:
The function of the glomerulus
filters blood
Structure of the nephron:
How does the blood pass through the renal vein
it passes through the efferent arterioles
Structure of the nephron:
What enters the proximal convoluted tubules
waste products of the blood
Structure of the nephron:
After PCT, where do the waste travel
loop of henle
Structure of the nephron:
The function of the the descending limb of loop of henle
water absorption
Structure of the nephron:
The function of the the ascending limb of loop of henle
sodium, chloride absorption
Structure of the nephron:
The function of the distal convoluted tubules
sodium reabsorption
Structure of the nephron:
The function of the the collecting tubules
water reabsorption
What are the 3 urine formation
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
identify the urine formation:
it carries water and solute smaller than protein into the capillary walls into the renal tube
Glomerular filtration
identify the urine formation:
it is water water, glucose, amino acids and ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary
Tubular reabsorption
identify the urine formation:
it secretes access H+, K+, creating and drugs are removed from the peritubular and secreted by the tubules cell into the filtrate
Tubular secretion
What are the 2 types of testing of urine
physical examination of urine
chemical examination of urine
What do u have to check for in the physical examination of urine
color
clarity
Identify the color of the urine:
Recent fluid consumption
colorless/ straw
Identify the color of the urine:
Polyuria/ diabetes insipidus
Diabete mellitus
Dilute random specimen
pale yellow
What is diabetes mellitus
removal of glucose in the bloodstream
Identify the color of the urine:
Concentrated specimen
And what does it mean to be concentrated
dark yellow
Identify the color of the urine:
B complex vitamin
dark yellow
Identify the color of the urine:
Bilirubin
dark yellow
Identify the color of the urine:
Phenazopyrine or phenindione.
These are medications for ______
orange-yellow
medications for UTI
Identify the color of the urine:
Homogenizing acid (alkaptonuria)
brown/ black
Identify the color of the urine:
Malignant melanoma
brown/ black
Identify the color of the urine:
Has the presence of porphyrin
port wine
What is the disease if urine is port wine in color
porphyria
Identify the color of the urine:
Menstrual contamination
red
Identify the color of the urine:
Intake of medication, rifampin and beets
red
Identify the color of the urine:
Has the presence of hemoglobin or myoglobin in the urine
red
Identify the color of the urine:
Patient has pseudomonas infection
green
What medications/ vitamins causes the dark yellow urine
B-complex vitamin
What medications/ vitamins causes the orange- yellow urine
phenazopyridine
phenindione
What medications/ vitamins causes the red colored urine
beets
rifampin
How to determine the clarity of the urine
specimen shld be in clear container
examine against white backgrnd using adequate room lighting
color and clarity shld be determined at the same time
Identify the urine clarity:
No visible particulates, transparent
clear
Identify the urine clarity:
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
hazy
Identify the urine clarity:
Many particulates, print blurred through urine
cloudy
Identify the urine clarity:
Print cannot be seen through urine
turbid
Identify the urine clarity:
Have precipitate, clotted
milky
What is the difference between the non pathological and pathological causes of urine turbidity
non pathologic - normal
pathologic - possible bs of disease
What are some non pathologic causes of urine turbidity
Fecal contamination
Vaginal creams
Mucus
Semen
Sq. E cells
Amorphous phosphate carbonates, urates
Talcum powder
What are the pathologic causes of urine turbidity
RBC > non squamous epithelium cells
WBC > iodine crystals
Bacteria > lymph fluid
Yeast > lipids
what is being used in the chemical examinations of the urine? it is used to dip into the urine
reagent strip
a color producing chemical reaction takes place when the absorbent pad comes in contact with urine and this is interpreted by _________ supplied by the ______ with a required time frame
comparing the color produced with a chart
manufacturer
dip the reagent strip briefly into a well- mixed uncentrifuged urine specimen at ____
room temperature
before dipping the reagent strip, u must ____ the uncentrifuged urine specimen well
mix
how do you remove the excess urine at the reagent strips
by touching the edge of the strip to the container as the strip is withdrawn
what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
protein
60sec
what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
glucose
30sec
what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
pH
60sec
what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
specific gravity
45sec
make sure to read the results after the given time, if done before the time, it can cause _____
false results
what are some of the errors caused by the improper technique
○ Prolonged period of strip in urine may cause
leaching of reagents from pad
○ Not blot excess urine may run-over between
chemicals on adjacent pads and may produce
distortion of colors
○ Inadequate light source
○ Strips are not held close to the color chart
○ Interchange of reagent strips and colors charts
from different manufacturer
○ Refrigerated urine specimens
handling and proper storage:
must be protected from deterioration caused by ____, ____, ____ and ____
moisture
heat
light
volatile chemicals
handling and proper storage:
packed with _____ containers with a desiccant
opaque
handling and proper storage:
stored at _______ (below ____ degree Celsius)
room temp
30
handling and proper storage:
bottles shld be _______ and shld not be opened in the presence of ________
tightly resealed
volatile fumes
handling and proper storage:
bottles are stamped with the ______ and shall not use pass the ____
expiration date
expiration date
handling and proper storage:
it should be done before using the strip
visual inspection
what are the 4 parameter strip
protein
pH
glucose
specific gravity
what is the principal of protein
protein error of indicator ()indicator is sensitive to albumin)
what is the principal of glucose
glucose oxidase reaction
what is the principal of pH
double indicator system
what is the pH for the first morning specimen
5.0-6.0
what is the pH after a meal
more alkaline
what is the normal random samples of pH
5.4-8.0
freshly collected urine does not reach ____ in physiological and pathological conditions
> 8.5
pH > 8.5 =
improperly preserved specimen or contaminated
the color of pH if its acidic
red-orange to yellow
the color of pH if its alkaline
green to blue
what are some disease if it is acid urine
emphysema
starvation
dehydration
diarrhea
high protein diet
cranberry juice
what are some disease if it is alkaline urine
hyperventilation
vomiting
vegetarian diet
reporting: negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ is for …
protein and glucose
it is the most frequently performed chemical analysis on urine
glucose
it is recommended prior to sample collection
fasting
diabetes monitoring: specimens are collected ____ hours after meals
2
how many hours do u require to fast prior taking the sample collection
8hrs
it is the density of solution compared with the density of a similar volume of _____ at a similar ____
distilled water
temperature
what is the color for the specific gravity
blue-green-yellow
specific gravity only measures
ionic solutes
higher urine contraction = ______ H+ release = _____ pH
more
decreasing
_____ ion causes acidic pH
hydrogen
