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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

the integumentary system consists of..

A

skin
hair
nails
glands

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of glands

A

sweat glands
sebaceous glands

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3
Q

what is your “first line of defense”

A

skin

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4
Q

what are the functions of skin

A

protection
sensation
temp regulation
vitamin D regulation

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5
Q

what is the largest organ of the body

A

skin

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6
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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7
Q

what is the weight of the skin

A

6-8 lbs

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8
Q

what is the surface area of the skin

A

20 square feet

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9
Q

which layer is the thin layer of the skin

A

epidermis

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10
Q

which layer is the outer part of the skin

A

epidermis

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11
Q

epidermis resist the…

A

resist the abrasion of skin surfaces

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12
Q

which layer of the skin prevent water loss

A

epidermis

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13
Q

what structure is the epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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14
Q

what is the middle layer of the skin

A

dermis

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15
Q

what is the structure of the dermis

A

irregular CT

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16
Q

why is the dermis structure an irregular CT

A

as it can withstand the pressure

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17
Q

what is the structure of the hypodermis

A

adipose tissue

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18
Q

what is the function of the adipose tissue in hypodermis

A

connects your dermis to the muscles

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19
Q

what is the superficial layer of your skin

A

epidermis

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20
Q

examples of thick skins are

A

soles, palms and lips

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21
Q

where is the blood vessels located at the layers of the skin

A

dermis

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22
Q

feathers, hair, claws, nails and horns etc of animals are the examples of cells or structures of tissues that undergoes

A

keratinization

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23
Q

what is the sublayer of epidermis before the dermis

A

stratum basale

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24
Q

how many layers do thick skin have

A

5 layers

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25
Q

how many layers do thin skin have

A

4 layers

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26
Q

what is not included in the thin layer of skin

A

stratum lucidum

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27
Q

epidermis receives… and secretes…

A

nutrients
waste products

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28
Q

which layer of the skin is avascular

A

epidermis

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29
Q

what are the 5 sub layers of the skin (come lets get sunburnt)

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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30
Q

what are the cells present in the dermis

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
white blood cells
adipocytes

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31
Q

which cells in the dermis that produce keratin

A

keratinocytes

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32
Q

which cells in the dermis that produce melanin

A

melanocytes

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33
Q

what is responsible for the skin, hair and eye color in the body

A

melanin

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34
Q

what are langerhans cells

A

Provides protection for the skin

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35
Q

what is the other term of merkel cells

A

Merkel-Ranvier Cells

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36
Q

stratum basale is also known as

A

Stratum germinativum

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37
Q

which has thicker stratum corneum? thick or thin skin

A

thick skin

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38
Q

the basement membrane connects the

A

epidermis and dermis together

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39
Q

where is the lamellar bodies formed at

A

stratum spinosum

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40
Q

what are membrane-bound organelles called

A

lamellar bodies

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41
Q

keratinocytes contain..

A

keratohyalin

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42
Q

stratum granolusm is composed of layers of

A

keratinocytes that contain keratohyalin

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43
Q

in the stratum lucidum, keratohyalin becomes…

A

eleidin

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44
Q

once eleidin reaches the stratum corneum, they are converted to

A

keratin

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45
Q

corn usually happens at the

A

feet

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46
Q

is melanin a cell

A

no

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47
Q

melanocytes is a cell that produce

A

melanin

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48
Q

darker or light skin produce more melanin

A

darker skin

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49
Q

what does melanin do

A

it gives protection to prevent UV light from damaging the skin

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50
Q

melanosomes is ‘eaten’ by

A

keratinocytes

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51
Q

what are the factors that affect the color of the skin

A

types of melanin produced
amount of melanin produced
size of melanosomes (melanin-filled vesicles in cells)
number of melanosomes
distribution of melanosomes

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52
Q

what can increase the production of the melanin

A

UV light

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53
Q

flushed skin at cheek, what flows more at that part

A

blood

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54
Q

yellowish skin color may happen when there is too much intake of…

A

carotene

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55
Q

what is hepatitis

A

liver damage, thus bile increases + yellow coloration of skin

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56
Q

fingerprint and footprints

A

improve the grip strength

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57
Q

cleavage lines is the…

A

‘direction’ of your skin

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58
Q

the outer layer of the dead, hard cells after keratinization can resist…

A

abrasion and forms a permeability barrier

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59
Q

the epidermis is anchored to the basement membrane by

A

hemidesmosomes

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60
Q

what is stratum spinosum shape

A

appears to be spiny

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61
Q

what is the shape of stratum granulosum

A

flattened, diamond shape

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62
Q

what is a thin clear zone above the stratum graulosum

A

stratum lucidum

63
Q

how many layers of dead cells present at the stratum corneum

A

25

64
Q

stratum corneum is composed of 25or more layers of dead, overlapping squamous cells joined by..

A

desmosomes

65
Q

stratum corneum consists of

A

cornified cells

66
Q

what are cornified cells

A

they are dead keratinocytes with a hard protein envelope, filled with protein keratin

67
Q

hair is only found in

A

thin skin

68
Q

when skin is subjected to pressure or friction ,what forms when the stratum corneum of the epidermis increase in thickness

A

callus

69
Q

what is the skin over body prominences develop a cone-shaped structure

A

corn

70
Q

what are the factors that determine the skin color of the skin

A

pigments in the skin
blood circulating through the skin
thickness of the stratum corneum

71
Q

what is the group of pigments responsible for skin,hair and eye color

A

melanin

72
Q

what provides protection against UV light from the sun

A

melanin

73
Q

melanocytes produce and package melanin into vesicles called

A

melanosomes

74
Q

recessive genetic trait that results from an inability to produce tyrosinase. The result is a deficiency or an absence of pigment in the skin, the hair, and the irises of the eyes

A

albinism

75
Q

what is a condition in which the skin turns a reddish hue when
the amount of blood flowing through the skin increases

A

erythema

76
Q

a decrease in blood flow that can make skin pale and decrease in blood oxygen content

A

cyanosis

77
Q

what is a yellow pigement found in plants

A

carotene

78
Q

what are the nutrients found at carotene

A

vitamin A

79
Q

what is the smooth muscle associated with each hair follicle

A

arrector pili

80
Q

arrector pili muscles move into a more perpendicular position when it

A

contracts

81
Q

sebaceous glands produces

A

sebum

82
Q

what gland produces sebum

A

sebaceous glands

83
Q

what is the purpose of sebum

A

prevents drying and protects against some bacteria

84
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine glands and apocrine glands

85
Q

what kind of sweat glands is odourless

A

sweat glands

86
Q

where can eccrine glands be found in the body

A

most parts of the body

87
Q

where can apocrine glands be found in the body

A

axillary (armpit)
genitalia

88
Q

what kind of sweat glands is smelly [body odour]

A

apocrine glands

89
Q

why is apocrine glands smelly

A

as it is mixed with bacteria. thus, produce the body odour

90
Q

ceruminous glands produce

A

cerumen

91
Q

what protects the tympanic membrane by preventing dirt and small insects from moving too deeply into the ear canal

A

cerumen and hairs in the ear canal

92
Q

what are the modified apocrine sweat glands

A

mammary glands

93
Q

where can mammary glands be found

A

in the breasts

94
Q

which layer do mitosis occur in the epidermis

A

stratum basale

95
Q

where do keratinization take place

A

stratum corneum

96
Q

what is the thickest layer of the skin

A

dermis

97
Q

what is the structure of dermis

A

dense collagenous connnective tissue (irregular)

98
Q

dermis consists of

A

nerves
hair follicles
smooth muscle
glands
lymphatic vessels

99
Q

what are the cells found in the dermis

A

fibroblast (CT)
macrophages
mast calls
WBC

100
Q

what are the different fiber type in the dermis

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

101
Q

what is the purpose of collagen fiber in the dermis

A

strengthen tissues

102
Q

what is the purpose of elastic fiber in the dermis

A

elasticity

103
Q

what is the purpose of reticular fiber in the dermis

A

binds collagen and elastic

104
Q

what are the main functions of the dermis

A

stores much of body’s supply of water
regulate body temp
supplies nutrients to the epidermis

105
Q

it is the projection on the upper part of dermis which extends toward the dermis

A

dermal papillae

106
Q

it contains many blood vessels

A

dermal papillae

107
Q

it forms fingerprints in the palm and sole

A

dermal papillae

108
Q

what does it mean that dermis is highly vascularized

A

it has many blood vessels

109
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

110
Q

what are the functions of the papillary layer

A

regulate body temp
supplies nutrients to epidermis

111
Q

what can be found in reticular layer

A

accessory structure (hair and glands)

112
Q

which layer of the dermis provide structure and elasticity

A

reticular layer

113
Q

what is the structure of reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue

114
Q

what is the structure of papillary layer

A

loose connective tissue

115
Q

stretch marks can be found at

A

reticular layyer

116
Q

what is the medical term of stretch marks

A

striae

117
Q

hypodermis is also known as “…. layer”

A

subcutaneous

118
Q

what is the network of hypodermis

A

adipose tissue and collagen

119
Q

what tissues are found in the hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue (to connect)
adipose tissue

120
Q

what are the function of hypodermis (SIS)

A

shock absorber
insulation
storage of fats for energy reserve

121
Q

hair obtained colour because of ___ with a mixture of ___

A

melanin
keratin

122
Q

what are the 2 major type of hair

A

vellus hair and terminal hair

123
Q

describe vellus hair

A

short and thin

124
Q

describe terminal hair

A

thick and heavily pigmented

125
Q

where can terminal hair be found

A

pubic area, eyebrow, eyelash, underarm

126
Q

bleaching of hair removes the … in the …

A

keratin and melanin in the cortex

127
Q

what are the concentric layer of the hair

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle

128
Q

what is the arrector pili muscle structure

A

smooth muscle

129
Q

arrector pili muscle reacts with…

A

cold temp
and strong emotions (fear)

130
Q

where can be the nails be found

A

stratum corneum (epidermis)

131
Q

nails has different …. such as ….

A

minerals
calcium

132
Q

what is the visible nail matrix called

A

lunula

133
Q

what is the structure after the cuticle

A

eponychium

134
Q

nails grow at an average rate of …

A

0.5 - 1.2 mm per day

135
Q

nails grows faster on…

A

your dominant hand

136
Q

why does the nail grow faster on your dominant hand

A

because it serves as a protection mechanism to the body

137
Q

what are your immune cells

A

Langerhans cells

138
Q

function of merkel cells

A

responsible for sensation (detect light touch and superficial pressure)

139
Q

avascular

A

no blood vessels

140
Q

avascular layer of the skin

A

epidermis

141
Q

what are the functions of the integ system that declines with age (do U want dry feet)

A

dry skin
uneven pigmentation
wrinkled skin
decreased sensitivity
flattening of dermal

142
Q

what are the functions of integumentary system (STEPV)

A

sensory perception
thermoregulation
excretion
protection
vitamin D production

143
Q

what are the 4 glands

A

sweat
sebaceous
ceruminous
mammary

144
Q

what are the 2 sweat glands

A

eccrine/ merocrine
apocrine

145
Q

what contains in the sebaceous gland

A

sebocytes
sebum - secretes lipids / sebum oils

146
Q

what is the secretion of eccrine glands

A

isotonic fluid with salt

147
Q

what is the secretion of apocrine glands

A

3-methyl-2hexanoic acid

148
Q

identify the sweat glands:
majority of our sweat glands

A

eccrine glands

149
Q

identify the sweat glands:
genitals and armpits

A

apocrine glands

150
Q

it its the modified eccrine glands

A

ceruminious glands

151
Q

where is ceruminous glands located at

A

external auditory canal

152
Q

what is known as ear wax

A

cerumen

153
Q

name the gland that is present in the breast

A

mammary gland

154
Q

it is the modified apocrine glands

A

mammary gland

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) (15 decks)

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