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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system comprise of…

A

Glands and cells

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2
Q

Endocrine system comprise of glands and cells that secretes …

A

Chemical signals called hormones into the body’s plasma

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3
Q

What are chemical signals ?

A

Hormones

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4
Q

it arouse the body’s tissue and cells by stimulating changes in their metabolic activity

A

chemical messenger

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5
Q

chemical messenger arouse the body’s tissue and cells by

A

stimulating changes in their metabolic activity

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6
Q

it regulates the entry of glucose into the cell

A

glucose and insulin

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7
Q

cells within an organ the responds and binds to a particular hormone through specific cellular receptors

A

target cells/ target tissues

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8
Q

what are the main regulatory functions

A

Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
Modulation of immune system function
Modulation of tissue development
Regulation of ion levels (Na, K, H+)
Regulation of Metabolism
Control of water balance
Control of reproductive functions
Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Control of food intake and digestion

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9
Q

what is the major controller of the endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

what regulates the activity of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

What are the 2 categories of hypothalamus

A

Releasing hormone
Inhibiting hormone

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12
Q

Identify the type of hormone in the hypothalamus:
Secretion of another hormone

A

Releasing hormone

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13
Q

Identify the type of hormone in the hypothalamus:
Halts the release of another hormone (decrease)

A

Inhibiting hormone

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14
Q

What are the 7 hormones of hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Thyrotropin - releasing hormone
Corticotropin - releasing hormone
Gonadotropin - releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibiting hormone

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15
Q

Which hormone of the hypothalamus has a peptide structure

A

GHRH
CRH

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16
Q

Which hormones of the hypothalamus have a small peptide structure

A

GHIH
TRH
GnRH

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17
Q

Which hormone of the hypothalamus have an amino acid structure

A

PIH

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18
Q

What is the target tissue of GHRG in the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary cells that secretes growth hormone

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19
Q

What is the target tissue of GHIH in the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary cells that secretes growth hormone

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20
Q

What is the target tissue of thyrothropin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary cells that secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone

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21
Q

What is the target tissue of corticotropin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary cells that secretes adrenocortictropin hormones

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22
Q

What is the target tissue of gonadotropin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary cells that secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle - stimulating hormone

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23
Q

What is the target tissue of prolactin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus

A

Nil

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24
Q

What is the target tissue of prolactin-inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary cells that secretes prolactin

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25
Q

What is the response of GHRH in hypothalamus

A

Increased growth hormone secretion

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26
Q

What is the response of GHIH in hypothalamus

A

Decreased growth hormone secretion

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27
Q

What is the response of TRH in hypothalamus

A

Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion

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28
Q

What is the response of CRH in hypothalamus

A

Increased adrenocorticotropin hormone secretion

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29
Q

What is the response of GnRH in hypothalamus

A

Increased in secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle- stimulating hormone

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30
Q

What is the response of PRH in hypothalamus

A
  • Nil-
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31
Q

What is the response of PIH in hypothalamus

A

Decreased prolactin secretion

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32
Q

How many major hormones do pituitary gland secretes?

A

9

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33
Q

What are the 2 type of pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenonypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

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34
Q

Anterior pituitary gland is also called

A

Adenohypophysis

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35
Q

Posterior pituitary gland is also called

A

Neurohypophysis

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36
Q

Adenohypophysis is derived from

A

Epithelial tissue from oral cavity

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37
Q

Neurohypophysis is derived from

A

Cells of your brain

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38
Q

It develops as a outpocketing of the roof of the pituitary diverticulum or Rathke pouch

A

Adenonypophysis

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39
Q

Target organ of tropic hormones is another…

A

Endocrine gland

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40
Q

How many tropic hormones do adenonypophysis secretes

A

4

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41
Q

Who have more growth hormone? Children or adults?

A

Children

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42
Q

Growth hormone is also called

A

Somatotropin

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43
Q

Activity of somatotropin are high during…

A

Deep sleep

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44
Q

It is responsible for the production of polypeptides

A

Growth hormones

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45
Q

It is responsible for the milk production / lactation and responsible for ovulation

A

Prolactin

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46
Q

Prolactin is responsible for…

A
  • Milk production flotation
  • ovulation
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47
Q

Somatotropin is responsible for…

A

Production of polypeptides

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48
Q

What are the 4 tropic hormones

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle -stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocarticotropic hormone

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49
Q

What are the 2 non tropic hormones

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin

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50
Q

What are the 3 other hormones of pituitary gland

A

Lipotropins
Endorphins
Melanocyte - stimulating hormone

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51
Q

What is the stimulus for release of thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

TRH

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52
Q

What is the stimulus for release of follicle-stimulating hormone

A

GnRH

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53
Q

What is the stimulus for release of luteinizing hormone

A

GnRH

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54
Q

What is the stimulus for release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

CRH

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55
Q

What is the target of the thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Thyroid gland

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56
Q

What is the target of the follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Gonads

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57
Q

What is the target of the luteinizing hormone

A

Gonads

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58
Q

What is the target of the adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Adrenal cortex

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59
Q

Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

A

Thyroid -stimulating hormone

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60
Q

Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Females- stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
Male-stimulates sperm production

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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61
Q

Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Female-triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
Male-stimulates testosterone production

A

Luteinizing hormone

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62
Q

Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulate the release of glucocorticoids and androgens

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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63
Q

What is the stimulus for release of growth hormone

A

GHRH

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64
Q

What is the stimulus for release of prolactin

A

PIH

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65
Q

Growth hormones target the…

A

Liver muscle
Bone and cartilage

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66
Q

Prolactin targets the…

A

Mammary glands and breast

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67
Q

Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserve glucose

A

Growth hormone

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68
Q

Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

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69
Q

What is the structure for all 3 other hormones of the pituitary gland

A

Lipotropins
Endorphins
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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70
Q

What is the target tissue of lipotropins

A

Adipose tissue

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71
Q

What are the target tissue of endorphins

A

Brain
Not all target tissues are known

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72
Q

What’s the target tissue of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Melanocytes in the skin

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73
Q

Identify the response of hormones in pituitary gland:
Increase lipid breakdown

A

Lipotropins

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74
Q

Identify the response of hormones in pituitary gland:
Analgesia in the brain, inhibition of gonadotropin - releasing hormone secretion

A

Endorphins

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75
Q

Identify the response of hormones in pituitary gland:
Increased melanin production n melanocytes to make the skin darter in color

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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76
Q

The structure of the pituitary gland consists of

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars nervosa

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77
Q

Pars distalis consits of

A

Samototropes
Lactotropes
Carticotropes
Thyrotropes

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78
Q

It forms an outgrowth of the hypothalamus region of the brain

A

Neurohypophysis

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79
Q

Neurohypophysis forms an … wherein it’s distal and enlarges to form a posterior pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

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80
Q

Neurohypophysis serves as a storage site for two… which are produced by …. in the hypothalamus

A

Neurohormones
Neurosecretrory neurons in the hypothalamus

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81
Q

What are the 2 neurohormones of Neurohypophysis

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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82
Q

Which neurohormones target the uterus and mammary gland

A

Oxytocin

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83
Q

Which neurohormones target the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormones

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84
Q

Which neurohormones stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and stimulates milk ejection in lactating mothers

A

Oxytocin

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85
Q

Which neurohormones stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing water output and conserving body water

A

Antidiuretic hormones

86
Q

Oxytocin synthesized in the…

A

Paraventricular nuclei

87
Q

Oxytocin is responsible for the

A

Expulsion of the baby during delivery

88
Q

What triggers oxytocin

A

Stretch of uterus
Mechanical stimulation of cervix
Stimulation of nipples

89
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is produced by …

A

Supraoptic hormone

90
Q

Antidiuretic hormone stimulates

A

Watery absorption

91
Q

The secretion of Antidiuretic hormone depends on the

A

Blood osmolatiy
Blood volume

92
Q

What are the receptors of the Antidiuretic hormone

A

Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors

93
Q

Neurohypophysis structure consists of

A

Pars nervosa
Infundibulum

94
Q

Pas nervosa in the Neurohypophysis consists of…

A

herring bodies

95
Q

Pineal gland is also known as

A

Epiphysis cerebri

96
Q

What is the shape of pineal gland

A

Pine shaped

97
Q

Where is the pineal gland located at

A

The roof or the third ventricle of the brain

98
Q

What is the main function of pineal gland

A

Regulate daily body rhythm through the production of the hormone melatonin

99
Q

Pineal gland produces what hormone

A

Melatonin

100
Q

It regulates the daily body rhythm and has a day or night cycle

A

Melatonin

101
Q

Melatonin secretes more in the… Than in…

A

Night than in the morning

102
Q

What are the 2 types of cells of the pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes
glial cells

103
Q

What is the main cells contained in the pineal gland.

A

Pinealocytes

104
Q

It regulates daily body rhythm through the production of the hormone melatonin

A

Pineal gland

105
Q

Thyroid gland composed of how many lobes

A

2

106
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of 2 lobes joined by…

A

Isthmus

107
Q

What are the 3 hormones that thyroid gland synthesize and secretes

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Calcitonin

108
Q

What are the 2 thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

109
Q

Thyroid hormones is secreted by

A

Thyroid follicles

110
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by

A

Parafollicular cells

111
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It is secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroid hormones

112
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It is secreted by parafollicular cells

A

Calcitonin

113
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It has the structure of amino acid derivative

A

Thyroid hormones

114
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It has a peptide structure

A

Calcitonin

115
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
The target tissue is most cells of the body

A

Thyroid hormone

116
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
The target tissue is the bone

A

Calcitonin

117
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
Increased metabolic rate, increased protein synthesis, and essential for normal growth and maturation

A

Thyroid hormone

118
Q

Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It decrease the rate of breakdown of bone by osteoclasts and
Prevention of a large increase in blood Ca 2+ levels

A

Calcitonin

119
Q

It is lateral to the upper portion of the trachea just inferior to the larynx

A

Thyroid gland

120
Q

One of the largest endocrine glands

A

Thyroid gland

121
Q

Triiodothyronineis comprise of…%of thyroid hormone
Tetraiodothyronine comprise of… % Of thyroid hormone

A

10%
80%

122
Q

How many percent do T4 are converted to T3

A

40%

123
Q

What’s the pathophysiology of triiodothyronine

A

Goiter - enlargement of thyroid

124
Q

It is the decrease of T3 and T4

A

Hypothyroidism

125
Q

It is the increase of T3 and T4

A

Hyperthyroidism

126
Q

There is a decreased in iodine in the soil making vegetable deficient in iodine

A

Goiter belt

127
Q

What are some of hypothyroidism pathophysiology

A

Goiter
Iodine deficiency
Hishimoto disease

128
Q

What are some hyperthyroidism pathophysiology

A

Grave disease- enlargement of eyes
Goiter
Thyroids storm
Tumor

129
Q

Tetraiodothyrone is also known as

A

Thyroxine

130
Q

Thyroxine is also known as

A

T4 tetraiodothyronine

131
Q

What is the pathophysiology of calcitonin

A

Osteoporosis

132
Q

Osteoporosis is normal in…than in…

A

Female than male

133
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone is released by…
Thyroid - stimulating hormone is released by…

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland

134
Q

It is embedded in the posterior part of each lobe of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

135
Q

Parathyroid is made up of how many cells

A

2

136
Q

What are the cells that parathyroid gland is made up of

A

Chief cells
Oxyphils

137
Q

Chief cells secretes…

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

138
Q

What cells in the parathyroid gland is important in regulating calcium levels in body fluids

A

Chief cells

139
Q

Parathyroid gland is important in regulating…

A

Calcium level in the body’s fluid

140
Q

The Target tissue of chiefcells are

A

Bone
Kidneys
Small intestine

141
Q

It promotes enzymatic formation of active vitamin D

A

Chief cells

142
Q

It increase the rate of break down of bone by osteoclasts

A

Chief cells

143
Q

What is the function of oxyphils

A

No known function according to Seeley’s

144
Q

Thyroid glands contains numerous follicles.
Center for which is filled with colloid composed of a.. which serves as a precursor to thyroid hormones

A

protein thyroglobulin

145
Q

It is scattered between follicles and follicle walls and secrete calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

146
Q

It is responsible for the blood calcium level

A

Parafollicular cells

147
Q

What is the difference between thyroid gland and parathyroid gland

A

Thyroid gland consist calcitonin - decreased rate of breakdown of bones by osteoclasts
Parathyroid gland consist of chief cells - increased “”

148
Q

It is both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland

A

Pancreas

149
Q

What is the exocrine component of pancreas

A

Pancreatic acinar glands

150
Q

What is the endocrine component of the pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans

151
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells are what type of component

A

Exocrine component

152
Q

Islets of langerhans are what type of component

A

Endocrine component

153
Q

What are the 3 principal cell types of pancreas

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

154
Q

Which principal cell type secretes in cases of hypoglycemia

A

Alpha cells and
Beta cells

155
Q

Identify the type of principal cell type:
Affects your liver wherein it increases the glucose synthesis then release in blood stream = blood gucose higher

A

Alpha cells

156
Q

Identify the type of principal cell type:
Helps the cells to get your transport protein go into the plasma membrane

A

Beta cells

157
Q

Identify the type of principal cell type:
Inhibitor of alpha and beta cells

A

Delta cells

158
Q

Identify the type of principal cell type:
Release of glucagon (20%)

A

Alpha cells

159
Q

Identify the type of principal cell type:
Release of insulin (75%)

A

Beta cells

160
Q

Identify the type of principal cell type:
Release somatostain (5%)

A

Delta cells

161
Q

Somatostatin is also known as

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

162
Q

What are the pathphysiology of B (beta) cells

A

Polyphagia - increase in hunger
Polydipsia - increase in water intake
Polyuria - increase in urination

163
Q

Alpha cells releases

A

Glucagon (20%)

164
Q

Beta cells releases

A

Insulin (75%)

165
Q

Delta cells releases

A

Somatostatin (5%)

166
Q

What are the 3 minor cell type of the pancreas

A

PP cell (F cell)
D1 cell
Episilon cell

167
Q

Identify the minor cell type:
Responsible for digestion wherein it inhibits your gastric activity

A

PP cell

168
Q

Identify the minor cell type:
Produce pancreatic polypeptide

A

PP cell
D1 cell

169
Q

Identify the minor cell type:
Release gherlin in repose to hunger

A

Episilon cell

170
Q

PP cell releases…

A

Pancreatic polypeptide
Gamma cells

171
Q

D1 cells releases

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

172
Q

Episilon cell releases…

A

Ghrelin

173
Q

Endocrine glands that produce hormones are involved mainly in the process of reproduction

A

Gonads

174
Q

The gonads includes…
Male -
Female -

A

Male- testes
Females - ovaries

175
Q

Testes is the production of the …

A

Sperm cells

176
Q

Testes is the maintenance of ____ male characteristics

A

Secondary

177
Q

Ovaries is an almond-sized organs that serves as
the ____ reproductive organ

A

Primary

178
Q

Testes secretes …

A

Inhibin

179
Q

Testes secretes inhibins that inhibits the ______ in the anterior pituitary gland

A

Follice-stimulating hormone

180
Q

Interstitial cells in the testes secretes the hormone called

A

Testosterone

181
Q

What are the 2 primary functions of ovaries

A

Gametogenesis
Steroidogenesis

182
Q

What are the steroid hormone produced by the ovaries

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

183
Q

It control the female reproductive cycle

A

Steroid hormones

184
Q

Estrogen and progesterone prepares _____ for lactation

A

Mammary gland

185
Q

Ovaries releases…

A

Relaxin

186
Q

Relaxin increases the _____ and _____ of the cervix during birth delivery

A

Flexibility and dilation

187
Q

Estrogen targets…

A

Most cells of the body

188
Q

Estrogens and progesterone targets the…

A

Mammary gland and uterus

189
Q

Testosterone targets…

A

Most cells of the body

190
Q

It is a small triangular shaped gland

A

Adrenal gland

191
Q

It is a gland that alters stress, for example, trauma

A

Adrenal gland

192
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

193
Q

What is the inner layer of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal medulla

194
Q

What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex

195
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex

A

Glomerulosa
Fasciculta
Reticularis

196
Q

Arenal cortex secretes …

A

Epinephrine (20%)
Norepinephrine (80%)

197
Q

Glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex secretes…

A

Mineralacorticolds

198
Q

Fasciculata in the adrenal cortex secretes…

A

Glucocorticoids

199
Q

Reticularis in the adrenal cortex secretes…

A

Androgen

200
Q

It is the energy production from lipid and protein photosynthesis in the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

201
Q

It develops male secondary characteristics in the adrenal cortex

A

Androgens

202
Q

It is the generic term for steroid hormones

A

Androgens

203
Q

Adrenal glands is also known as

A

Suprarenal glands

204
Q

Examples of Androgen developing male secondary characteristics

A

Pubic hair
Axillary hair
Sex drive

205
Q

In the glomerulosa, the ____ enters while the ____ goes out

A

Sodium
Potassium

206
Q

How does the sodium in the glomerulosa is being secreted out

A

Excreted in your urine and hydrogen ion

207
Q

Decrease in pH blood results in

A

Alkalosis

208
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine is responsible for the

A

Fight or flight response

209
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine is triggered by

A

Excitement
Injury
Stress
Exercise
Low blood glucose level

210
Q

It is responsible for the lipid breakdowns in adipose as well as constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the heart

A

Epinephrine

211
Q

It gives rise to postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

Norepinephrine

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) (15 decks)

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