Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine system comprise of…
Glands and cells
Endocrine system comprise of glands and cells that secretes …
Chemical signals called hormones into the body’s plasma
What are chemical signals ?
Hormones
it arouse the body’s tissue and cells by stimulating changes in their metabolic activity
chemical messenger
chemical messenger arouse the body’s tissue and cells by
stimulating changes in their metabolic activity
it regulates the entry of glucose into the cell
glucose and insulin
cells within an organ the responds and binds to a particular hormone through specific cellular receptors
target cells/ target tissues
what are the main regulatory functions
Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
Modulation of immune system function
Modulation of tissue development
Regulation of ion levels (Na, K, H+)
Regulation of Metabolism
Control of water balance
Control of reproductive functions
Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Control of food intake and digestion
what is the major controller of the endocrine glands
hypothalamus
what regulates the activity of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
What are the 2 categories of hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
Inhibiting hormone
Identify the type of hormone in the hypothalamus:
Secretion of another hormone
Releasing hormone
Identify the type of hormone in the hypothalamus:
Halts the release of another hormone (decrease)
Inhibiting hormone
What are the 7 hormones of hypothalamus
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Thyrotropin - releasing hormone
Corticotropin - releasing hormone
Gonadotropin - releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
Which hormone of the hypothalamus has a peptide structure
GHRH
CRH
Which hormones of the hypothalamus have a small peptide structure
GHIH
TRH
GnRH
Which hormone of the hypothalamus have an amino acid structure
PIH
What is the target tissue of GHRG in the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary cells that secretes growth hormone
What is the target tissue of GHIH in the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary cells that secretes growth hormone
What is the target tissue of thyrothropin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary cells that secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is the target tissue of corticotropin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary cells that secretes adrenocortictropin hormones
What is the target tissue of gonadotropin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary cells that secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle - stimulating hormone
What is the target tissue of prolactin-releasing hormones in the hypothalamus
Nil
What is the target tissue of prolactin-inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary cells that secretes prolactin
What is the response of GHRH in hypothalamus
Increased growth hormone secretion
What is the response of GHIH in hypothalamus
Decreased growth hormone secretion
What is the response of TRH in hypothalamus
Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion
What is the response of CRH in hypothalamus
Increased adrenocorticotropin hormone secretion
What is the response of GnRH in hypothalamus
Increased in secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle- stimulating hormone
What is the response of PRH in hypothalamus
- Nil-
What is the response of PIH in hypothalamus
Decreased prolactin secretion
How many major hormones do pituitary gland secretes?
9
What are the 2 type of pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland (adenonypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
Anterior pituitary gland is also called
Adenohypophysis
Posterior pituitary gland is also called
Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis is derived from
Epithelial tissue from oral cavity
Neurohypophysis is derived from
Cells of your brain
It develops as a outpocketing of the roof of the pituitary diverticulum or Rathke pouch
Adenonypophysis
Target organ of tropic hormones is another…
Endocrine gland
How many tropic hormones do adenonypophysis secretes
4
Who have more growth hormone? Children or adults?
Children
Growth hormone is also called
Somatotropin
Activity of somatotropin are high during…
Deep sleep
It is responsible for the production of polypeptides
Growth hormones
It is responsible for the milk production / lactation and responsible for ovulation
Prolactin
Prolactin is responsible for…
- Milk production flotation
- ovulation
Somatotropin is responsible for…
Production of polypeptides
What are the 4 tropic hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle -stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocarticotropic hormone
What are the 2 non tropic hormones
Growth hormone
Prolactin
What are the 3 other hormones of pituitary gland
Lipotropins
Endorphins
Melanocyte - stimulating hormone
What is the stimulus for release of thyroid-stimulating hormone
TRH
What is the stimulus for release of follicle-stimulating hormone
GnRH
What is the stimulus for release of luteinizing hormone
GnRH
What is the stimulus for release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
CRH
What is the target of the thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid gland
What is the target of the follicle-stimulating hormone
Gonads
What is the target of the luteinizing hormone
Gonads
What is the target of the adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenal cortex
Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Thyroid -stimulating hormone
Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Females- stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
Male-stimulates sperm production
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Female-triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
Male-stimulates testosterone production
Luteinizing hormone
Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulate the release of glucocorticoids and androgens
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What is the stimulus for release of growth hormone
GHRH
What is the stimulus for release of prolactin
PIH
Growth hormones target the…
Liver muscle
Bone and cartilage
Prolactin targets the…
Mammary glands and breast
Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserve glucose
Growth hormone
Name the hormone from anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates milk production
Prolactin
What is the structure for all 3 other hormones of the pituitary gland
Lipotropins
Endorphins
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
What is the target tissue of lipotropins
Adipose tissue
What are the target tissue of endorphins
Brain
Not all target tissues are known
What’s the target tissue of melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Melanocytes in the skin
Identify the response of hormones in pituitary gland:
Increase lipid breakdown
Lipotropins
Identify the response of hormones in pituitary gland:
Analgesia in the brain, inhibition of gonadotropin - releasing hormone secretion
Endorphins
Identify the response of hormones in pituitary gland:
Increased melanin production n melanocytes to make the skin darter in color
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
The structure of the pituitary gland consists of
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars nervosa
Pars distalis consits of
Samototropes
Lactotropes
Carticotropes
Thyrotropes
It forms an outgrowth of the hypothalamus region of the brain
Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis forms an … wherein it’s distal and enlarges to form a posterior pituitary gland
infundibulum
Neurohypophysis serves as a storage site for two… which are produced by …. in the hypothalamus
Neurohormones
Neurosecretrory neurons in the hypothalamus
What are the 2 neurohormones of Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which neurohormones target the uterus and mammary gland
Oxytocin
Which neurohormones target the kidneys
Antidiuretic hormones
Which neurohormones stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and stimulates milk ejection in lactating mothers
Oxytocin
Which neurohormones stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing water output and conserving body water
Antidiuretic hormones
Oxytocin synthesized in the…
Paraventricular nuclei
Oxytocin is responsible for the
Expulsion of the baby during delivery
What triggers oxytocin
Stretch of uterus
Mechanical stimulation of cervix
Stimulation of nipples
Antidiuretic hormone is produced by …
Supraoptic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone stimulates
Watery absorption
The secretion of Antidiuretic hormone depends on the
Blood osmolatiy
Blood volume
What are the receptors of the Antidiuretic hormone
Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Neurohypophysis structure consists of
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Pas nervosa in the Neurohypophysis consists of…
herring bodies
Pineal gland is also known as
Epiphysis cerebri
What is the shape of pineal gland
Pine shaped
Where is the pineal gland located at
The roof or the third ventricle of the brain
What is the main function of pineal gland
Regulate daily body rhythm through the production of the hormone melatonin
Pineal gland produces what hormone
Melatonin
It regulates the daily body rhythm and has a day or night cycle
Melatonin
Melatonin secretes more in the… Than in…
Night than in the morning
What are the 2 types of cells of the pineal gland
Pinealocytes
glial cells
What is the main cells contained in the pineal gland.
Pinealocytes
It regulates daily body rhythm through the production of the hormone melatonin
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland composed of how many lobes
2
Thyroid gland is composed of 2 lobes joined by…
Isthmus
What are the 3 hormones that thyroid gland synthesize and secretes
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Calcitonin
What are the 2 thyroid hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Thyroid hormones is secreted by
Thyroid follicles
Calcitonin is secreted by
Parafollicular cells
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It is secreted by thyroid follicles
Thyroid hormones
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It is secreted by parafollicular cells
Calcitonin
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It has the structure of amino acid derivative
Thyroid hormones
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It has a peptide structure
Calcitonin
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
The target tissue is most cells of the body
Thyroid hormone
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
The target tissue is the bone
Calcitonin
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
Increased metabolic rate, increased protein synthesis, and essential for normal growth and maturation
Thyroid hormone
Identify the hormone in thyroid gland:
It decrease the rate of breakdown of bone by osteoclasts and
Prevention of a large increase in blood Ca 2+ levels
Calcitonin
It is lateral to the upper portion of the trachea just inferior to the larynx
Thyroid gland
One of the largest endocrine glands
Thyroid gland
Triiodothyronineis comprise of…%of thyroid hormone
Tetraiodothyronine comprise of… % Of thyroid hormone
10%
80%
How many percent do T4 are converted to T3
40%
What’s the pathophysiology of triiodothyronine
Goiter - enlargement of thyroid
It is the decrease of T3 and T4
Hypothyroidism
It is the increase of T3 and T4
Hyperthyroidism
There is a decreased in iodine in the soil making vegetable deficient in iodine
Goiter belt
What are some of hypothyroidism pathophysiology
Goiter
Iodine deficiency
Hishimoto disease
What are some hyperthyroidism pathophysiology
Grave disease- enlargement of eyes
Goiter
Thyroids storm
Tumor
Tetraiodothyrone is also known as
Thyroxine
Thyroxine is also known as
T4 tetraiodothyronine
What is the pathophysiology of calcitonin
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is normal in…than in…
Female than male
Thyroid releasing hormone is released by…
Thyroid - stimulating hormone is released by…
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
It is embedded in the posterior part of each lobe of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid is made up of how many cells
2
What are the cells that parathyroid gland is made up of
Chief cells
Oxyphils
Chief cells secretes…
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What cells in the parathyroid gland is important in regulating calcium levels in body fluids
Chief cells
Parathyroid gland is important in regulating…
Calcium level in the body’s fluid
The Target tissue of chiefcells are
Bone
Kidneys
Small intestine
It promotes enzymatic formation of active vitamin D
Chief cells
It increase the rate of break down of bone by osteoclasts
Chief cells
What is the function of oxyphils
No known function according to Seeley’s
Thyroid glands contains numerous follicles.
Center for which is filled with colloid composed of a.. which serves as a precursor to thyroid hormones
protein thyroglobulin
It is scattered between follicles and follicle walls and secrete calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
It is responsible for the blood calcium level
Parafollicular cells
What is the difference between thyroid gland and parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland consist calcitonin - decreased rate of breakdown of bones by osteoclasts
Parathyroid gland consist of chief cells - increased “”
It is both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland
Pancreas
What is the exocrine component of pancreas
Pancreatic acinar glands
What is the endocrine component of the pancreas
Islets of langerhans
Pancreatic acinar cells are what type of component
Exocrine component
Islets of langerhans are what type of component
Endocrine component
What are the 3 principal cell types of pancreas
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
Which principal cell type secretes in cases of hypoglycemia
Alpha cells and
Beta cells
Identify the type of principal cell type:
Affects your liver wherein it increases the glucose synthesis then release in blood stream = blood gucose higher
Alpha cells
Identify the type of principal cell type:
Helps the cells to get your transport protein go into the plasma membrane
Beta cells
Identify the type of principal cell type:
Inhibitor of alpha and beta cells
Delta cells
Identify the type of principal cell type:
Release of glucagon (20%)
Alpha cells
Identify the type of principal cell type:
Release of insulin (75%)
Beta cells
Identify the type of principal cell type:
Release somatostain (5%)
Delta cells
Somatostatin is also known as
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
What are the pathphysiology of B (beta) cells
Polyphagia - increase in hunger
Polydipsia - increase in water intake
Polyuria - increase in urination
Alpha cells releases
Glucagon (20%)
Beta cells releases
Insulin (75%)
Delta cells releases
Somatostatin (5%)
What are the 3 minor cell type of the pancreas
PP cell (F cell)
D1 cell
Episilon cell
Identify the minor cell type:
Responsible for digestion wherein it inhibits your gastric activity
PP cell
Identify the minor cell type:
Produce pancreatic polypeptide
PP cell
D1 cell
Identify the minor cell type:
Release gherlin in repose to hunger
Episilon cell
PP cell releases…
Pancreatic polypeptide
Gamma cells
D1 cells releases
Pancreatic polypeptide
Episilon cell releases…
Ghrelin
Endocrine glands that produce hormones are involved mainly in the process of reproduction
Gonads
The gonads includes…
Male -
Female -
Male- testes
Females - ovaries
Testes is the production of the …
Sperm cells
Testes is the maintenance of ____ male characteristics
Secondary
Ovaries is an almond-sized organs that serves as
the ____ reproductive organ
Primary
Testes secretes …
Inhibin
Testes secretes inhibins that inhibits the ______ in the anterior pituitary gland
Follice-stimulating hormone
Interstitial cells in the testes secretes the hormone called
Testosterone
What are the 2 primary functions of ovaries
Gametogenesis
Steroidogenesis
What are the steroid hormone produced by the ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
It control the female reproductive cycle
Steroid hormones
Estrogen and progesterone prepares _____ for lactation
Mammary gland
Ovaries releases…
Relaxin
Relaxin increases the _____ and _____ of the cervix during birth delivery
Flexibility and dilation
Estrogen targets…
Most cells of the body
Estrogens and progesterone targets the…
Mammary gland and uterus
Testosterone targets…
Most cells of the body
It is a small triangular shaped gland
Adrenal gland
It is a gland that alters stress, for example, trauma
Adrenal gland
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
What is the inner layer of the adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex
Glomerulosa
Fasciculta
Reticularis
Arenal cortex secretes …
Epinephrine (20%)
Norepinephrine (80%)
Glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex secretes…
Mineralacorticolds
Fasciculata in the adrenal cortex secretes…
Glucocorticoids
Reticularis in the adrenal cortex secretes…
Androgen
It is the energy production from lipid and protein photosynthesis in the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
It develops male secondary characteristics in the adrenal cortex
Androgens
It is the generic term for steroid hormones
Androgens
Adrenal glands is also known as
Suprarenal glands
Examples of Androgen developing male secondary characteristics
Pubic hair
Axillary hair
Sex drive
In the glomerulosa, the ____ enters while the ____ goes out
Sodium
Potassium
How does the sodium in the glomerulosa is being secreted out
Excreted in your urine and hydrogen ion
Decrease in pH blood results in
Alkalosis
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine is responsible for the
Fight or flight response
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine is triggered by
Excitement
Injury
Stress
Exercise
Low blood glucose level
It is responsible for the lipid breakdowns in adipose as well as constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the heart
Epinephrine
It gives rise to postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Norepinephrine
