Muscular System Flashcards
muscle attachment sites:
Which muscle is attached to a stationary bone
Origin
muscle attachment sites:
Is a thick midsection of the muscle
Belly
coordination among muscle:
major responsible for a certain movement
Prime mover
coordination among muscle:
Muscle that assist
Synergist
coordination among muscle:
Muscles that reverse a prime mover
Antagonist
isotonic and isometric contractions:
The contractions which the tension in muscles remains the same and muscle shortens
Isotonic contractions
isotonic and isometric contractions:
The contractions which the tension in muscles increases and muscle does not shorten
Isometric contractions
Types of isotonic contractions:
As muscle shortens, it generates enough force to move an object
Concentric isotonic
Type of isotonic contractions:
length of muscle increases during contraction
Eccentric contractions
Identify the body movement:
Decrease in angle between arculating bones
Flexion
Identify the body movement:
Increase in angle between articulating bones
Extension
Identify the body movement:
Extension beyond anatomical position
Hyperextension
Identify the body movement:
Bone revolves around its own … axis
Rotation
Identify the body movement:
Away from midline
Abduction
Identify the body movement:
Movement of distal end of a body part in a circle
Circumduction
enumerate the function of the muscular tissue
movement of the body
stabilizing body positions
generating heat
communication
storing and moving the substances within the body
identify the function of muscular tissue:
walking or running
movement of the body
identify the function of muscular tissue:
skeletal muscle contracts = stabilizes yr joints + maintain body position
stabilizing body positions
identify the function of muscular tissue:
muscular contracts thus they generate heat (called thermogenesis)
generating heat
identify the function of muscular tissue:
muscle moves according to stimulus (action potential)
communication
identify the function of muscular tissue:
cardiac muscles contracts, pumps blood from heart to other parts of the body
and
sphincters contracts to prevent the outflow of contents from hollow organs
storing and moving substances within the body
what are sphincters
ring like bands of smooth muscles
what is the cell shape of smooth muscular tissue
spindle-shaped
what is the cell shape of cardiac muscular tissue
cylindrical
branched
what is the cell shape of skeletal muscular tissue
v. long cylindrical
unbranched
how many nucleus are there and where is it located at cardiac muscular tissue
single
centrally located
how many nucleus are there and where is it located at smooth muscular tissue
single
centrally located
how many nucleus are there and where is it located at skeletal muscular tissue
multiple
peripherally located
which muscular tissue are striated
cardiac and skeletal
which muscular tissue are nonstriated
smooth
which muscular tissue is a voluntary movement
skeletal
which muscular tissue is an involuntary movement
cardiac and smooth
what are the 2 muscle tissue that has specialized cells
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
which muscular tissue has intercalated disk and what is the function
cardiac
join cells to one another
which muscular tissue has gap junctions and its function
smooth
to join cells to one another
what are the 4 properties of muscular tissue
contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity
in properties of muscular tissue,
which is able to generate tension to do work
contractility
in properties of muscular tissue,
which is able to respond to a stimuli (electrical signals)
excitability
in properties of muscular tissue,
which is able to extend within limits w/o damage
extensibility
in properties of muscular tissue,
which is able to return to its original shape after contraction or extension
elasticity
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
what are the 3 layers of connective tissues
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which contains reticular fibers
endomysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which has dense irregular CT
epimysium
perimysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which layer of CT covers each muscle fibers
endomysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which layer of CT covers the fascicles
perimysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which layer of CT covers the entire skeletal muscle
epimysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
what are muscle fibers
it is a skeletal muscle cell
(myocytes)
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which CT is the innermost layer of CT that covers the muscle fiber
endomysium
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
what are fascicles
bundle of muscle fibers
10-100MF
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
what are fascia
dense irregular CT
holds muscle with similar functions
coordination among muscle:
why do antagonist muscle reverse a prime mover
to prevent joint injury by moderating speed and range of movement
identify the superior body movement:
superior
elevation
identify the superior body movement:
inferior
depression
identify the superior body movement:
anterior
protraction
identify the superior body movement:
posterior
retraction
identify the superior body movement:
movement of sole, medial
inversion
identify the superior body movement:
movement of sole, lateral
eversion
identify the superior body movement:
bending of foot, dorsum
dorsiflexion
identify the superior body movement:
bending of foot, plantar surface
plantar flexion
identify the superior body movement:
movement of forearm, palm (anteriorly)
supination
identify the superior body movement:
movement of forearm, palm (posteriorly)
pronation
identify the superior body movement:
movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand
opposition
identify the superior body movement:
what are the 2 movement of sole
inversion
eversion
identify the superior body movement:
what are the 2 movement of bending of foot
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
identify the superior body movement:
what are the 2 movement of forearm
supination
pronation
naming of skeletal muscles:
what are the 3 direction term
rectus
transversus
oblique
naming of skeletal muscles:
what are the 6 size term
maximus
minimus
major
minor
longus
brevis
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of rectus
straight
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of transversus
across
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of oblique
diagonal
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of maximus
largest
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of minimus
smallest
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of major
large
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of minor
small
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of longus
longest
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of brevis
shortest
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of pectoralis
chest
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of brachio-
upper arm
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of radialis
radius
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of gluteus
butock
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of femoris
femur
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term biceps
2 origins
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term triceps
3 origins
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term quadriceps
4 origins
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term deltoid
triangular
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term rhomboid
diamond-shaped
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term serratus
saw-toothed
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term trapezius
trapezoid
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term adductor
adducts
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term abductor
abducts
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term flexor
flexes
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term extensor
extends
naming of skeletal muscles:
what is the meaning of the term levator
elevates
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
what are the 2 types of fascia
deep
superficial
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which fascia lies between your muscle
deep
in the structure of skeletal muscle tissue,
which fascia lies between your skin
superficial (hypodermis)
identify the body movement :
inversion
eversion
movement of sole
identify the body movement :
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
movement of bending of foot
identify the body movement :
supination
pronation
movement of forearm
what are the 5 muscles of facial expression
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
zygomaticus
buccinator
orbicularis oris
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
zygomaticus
buccinator
orbicularis oris
these following are the muscles of…
facial expressions
identify the muscles of head and neck,
raise eyebrows
frontalis
identify the muscles of head and neck,
closes eye “blinking muscles”
orbicularis oculi
identify the muscles of head and neck,
mouth move upwards when smiling “laughing muscles”
zygomaticus
identify the muscles of head and neck,
compresses cheek “assist in smiling and blowing”
buccinator
identify the muscles of head and neck,
“kissing muscles”
orbicularis oris
identify the muscles of head and neck,
raise jaw
elevates and retracts mandible
temporalis
identify the muscles of head and neck,
closes jaw
elevates and protracts mandible
masseter
identify the muscles of head and neck,
“praying muscle”
rotates head to opposite sides
flexes the head
sternocleidomastoid
identify the muscles of head and neck,
look upwards
extends head
trapezius
what are the 4 muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
identify the muscles of the tongue,
retracts
styloglossus
hyoglossus
identify the muscles of the tongue,
protrudes the toungue
genioglossus
identify the muscles of the tongue,
elevates posterior tongue
palatoglossus
what is the smallest muscle
stapedius muscle
where is the stapedius muscles located at
middle of the ear
identify the muscles of the trunk,
inhale-> compresses thorax
external intercoastal
identify the muscles of the trunk,
exhale -> extends thorax
internal intercoastal
identify the muscles of the trunk,
enlarge thorax to trigger forced inspiration
diaphragm
which muscles in the muscle of the trunk that lies superficially between the ribs
external intercoastal
which muscles in the muscle of the trunk that lies deeper than your external intercoastal
internal intercoastal
what are the muscles that forms the abdominal wall
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
identify the muscles forming the abdominal wall,
compresses the abdomen
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
identify the muscles forming the abdominal wall,
“bending laterally”
external oblique
identify the muscles forming the abdominal wall,
“bending forward”
rectus abdominis
identify the muscles forming the abdominal wall,
stabilizes spine and maintain posture
internal oblique
what is the function of internal oblique in the muscles forming the abdominal wall,
stabilizes spine, maintain posture, and waist rotation
identify the anterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm,
abducts, flexes, rotates arm (AFRA)
(walking/running)
deltoid
identify the anterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm,
flexes and adducts the upper arm
(climbing/ hugging)
pectoralis major
identify the anterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm,
pushing movements
pulls shoulder down
protects scapula
serratus anterior
what is the function of deltoid
abducts, flexes, rotates arm (AFRA)
(walking/running)
what is the function of pectoralis major
flexes and adducts the upper arm (FA)
(climbing/ hugging)
what is the function of serratus anterior
pushing movements
pulls shoulder down
protects scapula
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the plasma membrane
sarcolemma
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the smooth ER of the muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the function of sarcolemma
resting potential/ electrical charge
outer membrane of the long cylindrical muscle fibers
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the function of sarcoplasm
has glycogen - stores in the form of glucose
has myoglobin - contains O2 (red-colored)
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the function of myofibrils
contractile organelle
stores glycogen
has a lot of striations
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the function of transverse tubules
filled with interstitial fluid
allows electrical impulse to travel deep into the cell
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
surrounds each myofibrils
if your muscles is…
* relaxed - stores Ca2+ ions
* stimuli - releases Ca2+ ions
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what extends across the sarcoplasm
T tubules
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
which is the contractile organelle of skeletal muscles
myofibrilis
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is the outer membrane of the long cylindrical muscle fibers
sarcolemma
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
which organelle surrounds each myofibrils
sarcoplasmic reticulum
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what are the 3 kind of proteins
contractile protein
regulatory protein
structural protein
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
name the contractile proteins
actin
myosin
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
name the structural proteins
nebulin, a-actin, titin, myomesin, and dystropin
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
name the regulatory proteins
troponin
tropomyosin
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what kind of protein that generate force to contract
contractile protein
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what kind of protein that switch contraction on and off
regulatory protein
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what kind of protein that keep thick and thin filaments in proper alignment
structural protein
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what kind of protein that gives myofibril elasticity and extensibility
structural protein
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what kind of protein that links myofibril to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix
structural protein
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what is sarcomere
basic functional unit of myofibril
which component of the sarcomere has thick filament
H zone
which component of the sarcomere is at the middle of the sarcomere
M line
which component of the sarcomere is darker in color
A band
which component of the sarcomere is light in color
I band
why does I band in sarcomere has a lighter color than A band
as it has no filament
which component separates sarcomere from one another
Z disc
in structural protein, what are the functions of titin
connects the z disc to m line
to stabilize the thick filament
in structural protein, what are the functions of a-actin
attaches the actin molecules of thin filament and titin molecule
what is the structural protein of z disk
a-actin
in structural protein, what is the function of myomesin
firms the m line of sarcomere
in structural protein, what is the functions of nebulin
regulate the length of the thin filament during development
which structural protein that anchors thin filament to z disc
nebulin
which structural protein that connects the z disc to m line and to stabilize the thick filament
titin
which structural protein that attaches the actin molecules of thin filament and titin molecule
a-actin
which structural protein that firms the m line of sarcomere
myomesin
which structural protein that regulate the length of the thin filament during development
nebulin
which structural protein that links thin filament of sarcomere to integral protein in sarcolemma
dystrophin
in the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber,
what are the 2 myofilaments
thick myofilaments
thin myofilaments
thin myofilaments consists of
actin (contractile protein) - string of beads
troponin and tropomyosin (regulatory protein)
identify the skeletal attachment,
muscle fibers emerge with the periosteum of the bone
direct attachment
define periosteum
outer layer of the bone
identify the skeletal attachment,
epimysium extends past the muscles as a tendon and merge with the periosteum
indirect attachment
what is indirect attachment
epimysium extends past the muscles as a tendon and merge with the periosteum
what is direct attachment
muscle fibers emerge with the periosteum of the bone
what are the 2 tendons
tendon
aponeurosis
identify the type of tendon:
rope like in shape
tendon
identify the type of tendon:
wide and flat
aponeurosis
identify the posterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm,
flexes and adducts
raise and lower the shoulder
stabilizes the scapula
(FARLS)
trapezius
identify the posterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm,
grasp object overhead
adducts humerus
extends upper arm backwards
(GAE)
latissimus dorsi
which muscle is your swimmer’s muscle
latissimus dorsi
name all the muscles of the rotator cuff in the muscles of shoulders and upper arm
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
teres minor
what is the function of latissimus dorsi (gae)
grasp object overhead
adducts humerus
extends upper arm backwards
what is the function of trapezius (FARLS)
flexes and adducts
raise and lower the shoulder
stabilizes the scapula
what is the function of supraspinatus in the posterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm
assist deltoids
what is the function of infraspinatus in the posterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm
laterally rotates the arm at shoulder joints
what is the function of teres minor in the posterior muscles of shoulders and upper arm
laterally rotates and can extend the arm at shoulder joints
what are the muscles that move the forearm
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
triceps brachii
pronator muscle
supinator muscle
in the muscles that move the forearm,
what is the function of biceps brachii
assist brachialis
flexes elbow
supinates forearm
in the muscles that move the forearm,
what is the function of brachialis
prime mover when flexing the forearm
in the muscles that move the forearm,
what is the function of brachioradialis
assist biceps brachii and brachialis
in the muscles that move the forearm,
what is the function of pronator muscle
moves palm posteriorly
in the muscles that move the forearm,
what is the function of triceps brachii
prime mover when extending the forearm
in the muscles that move the forearm,
what is the function of supinator muscle
moves palm anteriorly
identify the muscles that move the forearm:
assist brachialis
flexes elbow
supinates forearm
biceps brachii
identify the muscles that move the forearm:
prime mover when flexing the forearm
brachialis
identify the muscles that move the forearm:
assist biceps brachii and brachialis
brachioradialis
identify the muscles that move the forearm:
prime mover when extending the forearm
triceps brachii
identify the muscles that move the forearm:
moves palm posteriorly
pronator muscle
identify the muscles that move the forearm:
moves palm anteriorly
supinator muscle
what are the 6 muscles acting on the hip and thigh
(I saw Andrea quietly get high )
iliopsoas
sartorius
adductor muscle
quadriceps femoris
gluteal muscle
hamstring
what are the 2 iliopsoas muscle
iliacus
psoas major
what is the main function of iliopsoas muscle
flex thigh opposing to gluteus maximus
what is “tailor’s muscle”
sartorius
what is the function of sartorius muscle (LAFAL)
longest muscle in the body
aids in flexion of hips and knees
abducts and laterally rotate the thigh
identify the muscles acting on hips and thigh:
flex thigh opposing to gluteus maximus
iliopsoas
identify the muscles acting on hips and thigh:
aids in flexion of hips and knees
abducts and laterally rotate the thigh
sartorius muscle
what is the longest muscle in the body
sartorius muscle
name all the adductor muscles (MLB G)
adductor mangus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
gracilis
what is the function of the adductor ‘MLB’ muscles?
rotate and draw the thigh in towards the body
what is the function of the gracilis muscle
adducts thigh
identify the muscle acting on the hip and thigh:
rotate and draw thigh in towards the body
adductor mangus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
identify the muscle acting on the hip and thigh:
adducts the thigh
adductor longus
gracilis
which muscles in the hips and thighs that connects to the femur
adductor mangus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
name all the muscles in the quadriceps femoris
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
which muscle is the most powerful
quadriceps femoris
which muscles in the quadriceps femoris act alone
rectus femoris
which muscles in the quadriceps femoris flexes thigh and hip joints and is the prime mover for knee extension
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
which muscles in the quadriceps femoris extends the knee
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
which muscles in the quadriceps femoris work together
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
name all the gluteal muscle
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimums
what is the function of gluteus medius
abducts and rotate thigh outwards
site for injection
which is the bulkiest muscle in the body
gluteus maximus
which is the function of gluteus maximus
extends the hip
identify the identify the muscle acting on the hip and thigh:
abducts and rotate thigh outwards
site for injection
gluteus medius
where is the site for injection >2-3ml
gluteus medius
where is the site for injection <2-3ml
deltoid muscle
identify the identify the muscle acting on the hip and thigh:
extends the hip
gluteus maximus
name all the muscle in the hamstring
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
what is the function of the hamstring
(BSS-REF)
rotates the leg
extend thigh
flex the knee
name all the muscles acting on the foot (GSTE)
gastrocnemius
soleus
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
identify the muscles acting on the foot:
more superficial muscle
gastrocnemius
identify the muscles acting on the foot:
plantar flexion of foot and ankle joint
gastrocnemius and soleus
identify the muscles acting on the foot:
dorsi flexion
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
identify the muscles acting on the foot:
extends toes
turn foot outwards
extensor digitorum longus
in the muscles acting on the foot,
what is the function of gastrocnemius
plantar flexion of foot and ankle joint
in the muscles acting on the foot,
what is the function of soleus
plantar flexion of foot and ankle joint
in the muscles acting on the foot,
what is the function of tibialis anterior
dorsi flexion on the foot
in the muscles acting on the foot,
what is the function of extensor digitorum longus
dorsi flexion on the foot
extends toes
turn foot outwards
what is the strongest tendon
calcaneal (achilles) tendon
what is the common tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus
calcaneal (achilles) tendon
where is the calcaneal tendons is being inserted to?
calcaneus (heal bone)
identify the pathophysiology:
loss of motor function = brain damage
cerebral palsy
identify the pathophysiology:
facial paralysis because of damage of the facial (VII) nerve
bell’s palsy
identify the pathophysiology:
group of disease that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
muscular dystrophy
what are the 3 abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle
spasm
cramp
tic
what does the brain damage affects
muscle control
body movement
muscle coordination
reflexes
tone
balance
In Bell’s Palsy, how many patients recover completely
80%
In Bell’s Palsy, 80% of the patients recover completely within…
weeks/ months
Bell’s Palsy may be caused by…
herpes simplex virus
what is the most common factor of muscular dystrophy
(DMD) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
identify the abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle:
a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle in as large group of muscle
spasm
identify the abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle:
a painful spasmodic contraction because of dehydration/ inadequate blood flow/ muscle strains
cramp
identify the abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle:
a spasmodic twitching made involuntary by muscles that are ordinarily under voluntary control
tic
what causes muscle strain
holding a position for a long period of time
identify the muscles acting on the foot:
deeper muscle
soleus
identify which muscle acting on the foot is more superficial and deep
gastrocnemius - superficial
soleus - deep
also known as motor protein
myosin
what is thermogenesis
generates heat
what happens when sphincters contracts
it prevents the outflow of contents from hollow organs
where do skeletal muscles found in
most attached on bones/ tendons
where do smooth muscles found in
hollow organs like esophagus, small intestine, fallopian tube
where do cardiac muscles found in
at the heart ONLY
what contractile protein is found in thick myofilaments
myosin
what are cramps
dehydration or
inadequate blood flow
= muscle strain
what are tics
in eyelids that are uncontrollable
what is the tearing of sarcolemma that causes muscular dystrophy
dystrophin
