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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration

A

cells produce ATP by metabolism of organic molecules

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2
Q

mechanical respiration

A

O2 required for cellular respiration is absorbed into the blood stream and CO2 is excreted

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3
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory system

A

trachea
bronchi
lungs

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5
Q

conducting airway

A

note to terminal bronchioles in the lungs
filters warms and moistens air

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6
Q

respiratory airway

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
gas exchange between air and blood

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7
Q

function of upper respiratory tract

A

warm
humidify
filter

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8
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract lined with

A

respiratory mucosa

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9
Q

lower respiratory tract portions

A

conducting portion
respiratory portion

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10
Q

components of the conducting portion of lower respiratory tract

A
  1. Begins with Trachea (cartilage)
    2.Bifurcates into Primary/Main Bronchi
    3.Bifurcates into Secondary/Lobar Bronchi
    4.Bifurcates into Tertiary/Segmental bronchi
    5.Bifurcates into Bronchioles
    6.Bifurcates into Terminal bronchioles
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11
Q

components of the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract

A

7.Bifurcates into Respiratory bronchioles
8.Bifurcates into Alveolar ducts
9.Bifurcates into Alveolar sacs
10.Bifurcates into Alveoli

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12
Q

type of cartilage in the trachea

A

hyaline

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13
Q

which thoracic vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate

A

T4/5

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14
Q

epithelium of the conducting portion

A

pseudo stratified columnar ciliated
has lots of goblet cells

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15
Q

variation of epithelium in conducting portion

A

roof of nasal cavity
has olfactory epithelium
specialised for olfaction (smell)

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16
Q

function of the pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium

A

trap particular matter and propel towards nasopharynx
inspired air is moistened by the secretions of the serous glands and a sheet of mucous form goblet cells lies on mucosal surface and traps and inhaled particulate contaminants
mucus wafted backwards by cilia towards pharynx

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17
Q

goblet cells function

A

secret mucus that traps external particles that we dont want in the lungs
travelled to nasopharynx with help of cilia, mucociliary clearance
swallowed or killed by immune cells

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18
Q

function of the olfactory mucosa

A

receives and relays olfactory signals
dissolve odoriferous particles/ secretion may act as the solvent in which odorous substance dissolve

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19
Q

components of olfactory mucosa

A

bipolar neurones
sustentacular cells
basal cells

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20
Q

bipolar neurones

A

neutron with only two extensions
axon and dendrite
run from opposite sides of the ell body

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21
Q

sustentacular cells

A

provide physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for th olfactory cells

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22
Q

basal cells

A

considerable proliferative capacity and can replace both sustentacular and olfactory cells

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23
Q

what is in the image

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
low magnification

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24
Q

what does the image contain

A

ciliated cells
goblet cells
basal cells
k-cells/DNES which aren’t seen
underlying lamina propria

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25
K cells
Kulchitsky cells neuroendocrine cells contain secretory granules secrete peptide hormones such as serotonin, calcitonin,ADH and ACTH
26
what is DNES
diffuse neuroendocrine system
27
label left to right
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar cells lamina propria basal cells goblet cells air conditioning mucociliary clearance
28
function of cliated pseudostratified columnar cells:
Mucous transport, filtering
29
function of basal cells
Rounded, near basal lamina, stem cells, mitotic
30
function of goblet cells
mucus secretion
31
function of lamina propria
capillary plexus in conducting portion warms air
32
function of Mucociliary clearance
describes the self-clearing mechanism of the airways in the respiratory system. It is one of the two protective processes for the lungs in removing inhaled particles including pathogens before they can reach the delicate tissue of the lungs.
33
direction of cilia movement
unidirectional clears mucus towards the pharynx
34
where are goblet cells mainly found
in the terminal bronchus
35
what is in the image and label
trachea: 1. tracheal submucosa 2. mucosa 3.trachealis muscle 4. adventitia 5. c shaped cartilage
36
cartilaginous layer of trachea
15-20 C-shaped cartilages cartilage bridges posteriorly by smooth muscle and fibroelastic fibres (trachealis)
37
primary function of the trachealis muscle
constrict the trachea allows air to be expelled with more force e.g. during coughing involuntary/parasympthatic nervous system
38
vertebral level of trachealis muscle
C6-T4
39
adventitia
loose CT fibroblasts BV
40
seromucous glands function
help to humidify the inspired air
41
label C,M,L
C: hyaline cartilage M: tracheal mucosa, surrounding lumen T: trachealis muscle
42
damage of the tracheobronchial mucosa
can be damaged by inhaled chemical toxins, viruses and bacteria prolonged or repeated damage leads to their death and replacement by squamous epithelium (squamous metaplasia)
43
what is in the image
anterior wall of the trachea mucosa, submucosa,cartilage, adventitia
44
what is in the image and label left to right
bronchus smooth muscle mucosa lumen cartilage plates lamina propria
45
what does the lamina propria contain in the bronchus
elastin fibres
46
cartilage plates
irregular flattened plates
47
what do extra pulmonary bronchi have
regular incomplete cartilage rings
48
what do intrapulmonary bronchi have
irregular rough circumferential arrangement of cartilage plates connected by dense fibre collagenous bands
49
what happens as the bronchi branches get smaller and more peripheral
cartilage plates decrease in size and number mainly concentrated at bifurcations
50
what is in the image and label
bronchus lumen smooth muscle hyaline cartilage epithelium with cilia
51
cells of the cartilage in submucosa
chondrocytes
52
what is in the image and label left to right
segmental/tertiary bronchi smooth muscle is more prominent reduced mucous glands tall columnar epithelium with reduced goblet cells reduced cartilage plates
53
features of the segmental bronchi
gradually lose cartilage more elastic fibres cells start to become simple columnar or cuboidal mucous gland are reducing
54
epithelium in primary bronchioles
transition from simple columnar to cuboidal
55
epithelium in terminal bronchioles
simple cuboidal
56
respiratory bronchioles epithelium
simple cuboidal and simple squamous
57
epithelium in alveolar duct, sacs and alveoli
simple squamous
58
bronchioles
around 13 divisions less cartilage with each division more smooth muscle pseudo stratified columnar
59
terminal bronchioles
low columnar ciliated epithelia no cartilage, high in smooth muscle fewer goblet cells no submucosal glands Clara cells (distally)
60
what is in the image
terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs white is air spaces pink is inter-alveolar space
61
function of Clara cells
provide protection against toxins and secrete surfactant lowers surface tension keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy
62
alveolar region
squamous epithelia cells are pneumocytes
63
type 1 pneumocytes
flat share basal lamina with endothelial cells for gas exchange squamous epithelia covering 95% of alveolar surface flattened nuclei, less likely to be seen in light microscopy
64
type 2 pneumocytes
round secrete surfactant 60% of total alveolar cells but 5% of surface produce surfactant, prevents collapse of alveoli have rounded nuclei
65
fetus and surfactant
surfactant production occurs in the last few months of pregnancy premature babies often have insufficient surfactant with reduced activity often have respiratory issues called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
66
describe the image
(a) relationship between capillaries in the interalveolar septa and alveoli. The alveolar pores (of Kohn) allow air pressure to equilibrate and air to circulate between alveoli if airway becomes Blocked/communication between 2 alveoli. (b) The air-blood barrier has type I cell Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into capillary blood and carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction. The inner lining of alveoli is covered by a layer of surfactant (not shown),
67
squamous metaplasia
pre-neoplastic change of bronchial epithelium observed in lungs in response to toxic injury induced by cigarette smoke multi-stage process may eventually end to full neoplastic transformation such as a bronchial carcinoma
68
what is in the image and what is G
respiratory/pseudostratified columnar ciliated goblet cell
69
what is in the image and what is A and B
MALT/BALT- submucosa, bronchus associated lymphoid tissue A-epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated) B- BALT in submucosa

Medicine: Histology (15 decks)

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