Cardiovascular system

Question 1

arteries

Answer 1

large thick walled vessels with small lumen to deal with high pressure
transport mainly oxygenated blood away from the heart towards the capillaries (other than pulmonary artery)
get progressively smaller away from the heart

Question 2

branches of elastic arteries

Answer 2

muscular arteries

Question 3

arterioles

Answer 3

small arteries
progressively smaller away from the heart

Question 4

capillaries

Answer 4

small vessels with extremely thin walls
site of exchange

Question 5

veins

Answer 5

large thin walled vessels with large lumen, deal with ow pressure
some have valves to prevent gravitational backflow
get progressively larger towards heart

Question 6

venules

Answer 6

small veins, similar appearance to capillaries
progressively larger towards heart

Question 7

3 layers of vessels

Answer 7

tunica intima, endothelium
tunica media, smooth muscle
tunica adventitia, connective tissue

Question 8

what is in the image and label

Answer 8

artery
endothelium, intima, media, adventitia, vasa vasorum

Question 9

what is in the image and label

Answer 9

vein
endothelium, intima, media, adventitia, vasa vasorum

Question 10

tunica intima

Answer 10

internal
composed of a lining of highly specialised epithelial cells, endothelium with flattened nuclei
endothelium sits on a basal lamina
internal elastic lamina, in arteries only

Question 11

tunica media

Answer 11

middle
smooth muscle, circular
elastin/elastic tissue

Question 12

tunica adventitia

Answer 12

external
fibroblasts, collagen (structure)
smooth muscle, longitudinal
vaso vasorum, small vessels sending penetrating branches into the media to supply it with blood

Question 13

what is in the image and label top to bottom

Answer 13

artery and vein
wall of artery
wall of sin
lumen of vein
red blood cells
white blood cell

Question 14

what is in the image and label

Answer 14

arteriole
red blood cells in arteriole lumen
smooth muscle cell nucleus
endothelial cell nuclei

Question 15

differences between arteries and veins

Answer 15

arteries have internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina
tunica media predominano in arteries
tunica adventitia is thickest in veins

Question 16

what is in the image

Answer 16

top is an artery
bottom is a vein

Question 17

label a-d

Answer 17

internal elastic lamina
external elastic lamina
tunica media
tunica externa

Question 18

label a-d

Answer 18

internal elastic lamina
external elastic lamina
tunica media
tunica externa

Question 19

what is in the image

Answer 19

artery
m- media
a- adventitia
I- intima
t= thrombus

Question 20

what is this and why

Answer 20

muscular artery
has a thick tunica media

Question 21

how do you differentiate between collagen fibres

Answer 21

in the media they’re regular and organised
in the adventitia they’re disorganised

Question 22

what is this

Answer 22

elastic artery
black are elastic fibres

Question 23

capillaries

Answer 23

thinnest wall
major site of gas exchange
wall is composed of endothelial cells, basement membrane and occasional contractile cells= pericytes

Question 24

what is a pericyte

Answer 24

contractile cells

Question 25

what is in the image

Answer 25

capillary

Question 26

3 types of capillaries

Answer 26

continuous fenestrated sinusoidal

Question 27

continuous capillary

Answer 27

tight uninterrupted endothelium reduced permeability restricts passage of material found in regions where barrier function is required blood-brain barrier

Question 28

fenestrated capillaries

Answer 28

more permeable engaged in fluid transport renal corpuscles in kidneys

Question 29

sinusoidal capillaries

Answer 29

wider gaps facilitate movement of fluid but also larger molecules and blood cells liver and spleen

Question 30

what is in the image

Answer 30

continuous

Question 31

what is in the image

Answer 31

fenestrated capillary

Question 32

what is in the image

Answer 32

sinusoidal capillary

Question 33

label the image

Answer 33

basement membrane endothelium

Question 34

layers of the heart

Answer 34

endocardium myocardium epicardium

Question 35

what is in the image

Answer 35

endocardium top is innermost (endothelial cells) middle other layer (direct contact with myocardium)

Question 36

what is in the image

Answer 36

myocardium

Question 37

label the image

Answer 37

S- striations N- nucleus I- intercalated discs

Question 38

features of cardiac muscle

Answer 38

cardiac muscle cells, cardiocytes similar to skeletal as it is striated single centrally placed nucleus connected by intercalated disc to ensure electrical continuity

Question 39

epicardium

Answer 39

visceral pericardium flattened mesothelial cells fibrocollagenous stroma vessels supplying heart adipose tissue

Question 40

what is in the image and label

Answer 40

epicardium A- adipose tissue, hexagonal shape CA- coronary artery embedded in fat F- fibres of epicardium Me- mesothelial cells, external M- myocardium

Question 41

vasculitis

Answer 41

Inflammation and damage to blood vessels often resulting in ischemia of the tissue served by the affected vessels; may be related to infection, medications, and various autoimmune disorders.

Question 42

angina

Answer 42

Chest pain associated with ischemia of the myocardium, most often due to severe atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries; the pain of angina, often described as pressure, is typically substernal but may radiate to the arms or neck.

Question 43

myocardial infarction

Answer 43

Necrosis of cardiac muscle due to interruption of its blood supply,most often due to coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Question 44

atherosclerosis

Answer 44

the most clinically significant form of arteriosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”), characterized by the accumulation of lipid within the intima of arteries producing plaques that cause narrowing, or “stenosis,” of the artery.

Question 45

ateriosclerosis

Answer 45

A general term referring to any hardening (loss of elasticity) of arteries, especially small arteries. High blood pressure is the most common cause. Atherosclerosis is one form of arteriosclerosis.

Question 46

thrombus

Answer 46

blood clot formed within an artery or vein as a result of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, or an increased tendency to form clots (hypercoagulability); rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery promotes the formation of a thrombus.