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Medicine: Histology > Gut > Flashcards

Gut Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the alimentary canal

A

mouth
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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2
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

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3
Q

simple passages

A

transport of food or its residues without significant modification
oesophagus and anus

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4
Q

digestive tract

A

secretes enzymes induced in breakdown of food
absorbs molecules produced
stomach, small and large bowel

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5
Q

pharynx function

A

pharyngeal muscles propel food into oesophagus

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6
Q

oral cavity teeth and tongue function

A

mechanical breakdown, mixing with salivary secretions

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7
Q

liver function

A

secretion of bile (lipid digestion), nutrient storage, producing cellular fuels, plasma proteins, clotting factors and detoxification and phagocytosis

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8
Q

oesophagus function

A

carries food and liquid from your throat to your stomach

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9
Q

stomach function

A

Digestion

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10
Q

gall bladder function

A

Stores bile

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11
Q

large intestine function

A

absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over

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12
Q

small intestine function

A

helps to further digest food coming from the stomach

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13
Q

label the epithelial top to bottom

A

stratified squamous
simple columnar x 4
stratified cuboidal
stratified squamous
stratified squamous (keratinised)

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14
Q

four layers of the gut label A-D

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
adventitia

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15
Q

function of the muscularis externa

A

outer longitudinal and inner circular layer (smooth muscles)

function is for peristaltic activity: contractions of the muscular are generated and coordinated by the myenteric plexus

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16
Q

adventitia layer

A

made of loose connective tissue
this layer after it crosses the diaphragm is called serosa (for intraperitoneal)

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17
Q

what type of epithelium lines the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous non-keritinized epithelium

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18
Q

what type of cell may be found within the mucosa lining the lumen of the oesophagus

A

langerhans cells (antigen presenting cells)

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19
Q

function of langerhans cells

A

phagocytose and degrade antigens

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20
Q

what is Barret’s oesophagus

A

untreated GERD causes metaplastic changes in the lining of the oesophagus (usually in the lowest region)
if left untreated can lead to cancer

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21
Q

label the regions of the stomach top to bottom

A

oesophagus
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
duodenum

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22
Q

label the muscularis externa in the stomach

A

longitudinal
circular
oblique

23
Q

label the gastric gland

A

pit
isthmus
neck
base

24
Q

cells found on the top of the gastric gland

A

surface lining cell
regenerative cell

25
Q

cells found on the neck of the gastric gland

A

mucous neck cell
oxyntic (parietal) cell

26
Q

cells found on the base of the gastric gland

A

zymogenic (chief)
enteroendocrine

27
Q

function of surface lining cells in the gastric gland q

A

cover the luminal surface of the stomach
partly line the gastric pits
packed with cytoplasmic mucigen granules that are poorly stained by H&E
short surface microvilli and secrete protective bicarbonate ions into deeper layers of surface mucous coat

28
Q

function of pit in gastric gland

A

to secrete hydrochloric acid

29
Q

function of the regenerative cell in the gastric gland

A

enables efficient stomach epithelium repair

30
Q

function of the oxyntic or parietal cells in the gastric gland

A

secrete gastric acid
aids in digestion

31
Q

function of the zymogenic cells in the gastric gland

A

production of pepsin and rennin
enzymes

32
Q

function of the enteroendocrine cells in the gastric gland

A

hormone secretion

33
Q

label the oesophagus

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscular mucosa
submucosa
inner circular
outer longitudinal;

34
Q

label A-E of the small intestine mucosa

A

intestinal lumen
villi
simple columnar epithelium
lamina propria
goblet cells (secrete mucous)

35
Q

what are intestinal glands

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn
simple tubular glands
begin at the bases of the villi in the mucosa and extend through the lamina propria to the muscularis mucosae

36
Q

what do the intestinal glands possess

A

absorptive cells
goblet cells
paneth cells
enteroendocrine cells

37
Q

paneth cells

A

possess large, eosinophilic granules whose contents (lysozyme) digest bacterial cell walls

38
Q

label this image of the duodenum

A

M - mucosa
V- villus
MM- muscularis mucosae
SM- submucosa
B- Brunner’s glands
CM- circular muscles
LM- longitudinal muscle

39
Q

defining factor of small intestine

A

paneth cells

40
Q

what is a classical feature of duodenum

A

Brunner’s glands

appear pale, therefore release mucus and help with lubrication

41
Q

what is a classical feature of the ileum

A

Peyers patches (lymphoid aggregated nodules)
appear darker on a stain

42
Q

label the image of the ileum

A

a- goblet cells: secrete mucus
b- structures found in the central core of villus microvasculature

also has other cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibres and plasma cells

PEYERS PATCHES

43
Q

what is this

A

duodenum

44
Q

what is this

A

jejunum

45
Q

what is this

A

ileum

46
Q

large intestine

A

has simple columnar epithelium
main function is to absorb water, convert fecal matter form liquid to solid
similar histological features to the small intestine but has no villi and only has few paneth cells, abundant goblet cells

47
Q

what is this image

A

appendix

MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue provides protection against invaders of the mucosal connective tissue

48
Q

what is this image

A

the mucosa and the transition of the epithelium in the rectal-anal junction

49
Q

what is the epithelium lining the rectum

A

simple columnar epithelium

50
Q

functions of the submucosa layer

A

highly vascularised: enhances nutrient absorption
assists the passage of bolus (mucous glands are present)
contains submucosal (meissner) nerve plexus: controls muscle cells and glandular secretions

51
Q

sublayers of the mucosa layer and their functions

A

epithelium: mucous production and protection
lamina propria: capillary rich absorption, MALT
muscular mucosa: localised movements

52
Q

oral cavity

A

ingestion and fragmentation of food

53
Q

auxiliary gland system

A

secretory organs

54
Q

three functional compartments

A

oral cavity
simple passages
digestive tract

Medicine: Histology (15 decks)

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