Gut

Question 1

organs of the alimentary canal

Answer 1

mouth
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

Question 2

accessory digestive organs

Answer 2

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

Question 3

simple passages

Answer 3

transport of food or its residues without significant modification
oesophagus and anus

Question 4

digestive tract

Answer 4

secretes enzymes induced in breakdown of food
absorbs molecules produced
stomach, small and large bowel

Question 5

pharynx function

Answer 5

pharyngeal muscles propel food into oesophagus

Question 6

oral cavity teeth and tongue function

Answer 6

mechanical breakdown, mixing with salivary secretions

Question 7

liver function

Answer 7

secretion of bile (lipid digestion), nutrient storage, producing cellular fuels, plasma proteins, clotting factors and detoxification and phagocytosis

Question 8

oesophagus function

Answer 8

carries food and liquid from your throat to your stomach

Question 9

stomach function

Answer 9

Digestion

Question 10

gall bladder function

Answer 10

Stores bile

Question 11

large intestine function

Answer 11

absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over

Question 12

small intestine function

Answer 12

helps to further digest food coming from the stomach

Question 13

label the epithelial top to bottom

Answer 13

stratified squamous
simple columnar x 4
stratified cuboidal
stratified squamous
stratified squamous (keratinised)

Question 14

four layers of the gut label A-D

Answer 14

mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
adventitia

Question 15

function of the muscularis externa

Answer 15

outer longitudinal and inner circular layer (smooth muscles)

function is for peristaltic activity: contractions of the muscular are generated and coordinated by the myenteric plexus

Question 16

adventitia layer

Answer 16

made of loose connective tissue
this layer after it crosses the diaphragm is called serosa (for intraperitoneal)

Question 17

what type of epithelium lines the oesophagus

Answer 17

stratified squamous non-keritinized epithelium

Question 18

what type of cell may be found within the mucosa lining the lumen of the oesophagus

Answer 18

langerhans cells (antigen presenting cells)

Question 19

function of langerhans cells

Answer 19

phagocytose and degrade antigens

Question 20

what is Barret’s oesophagus

Answer 20

untreated GERD causes metaplastic changes in the lining of the oesophagus (usually in the lowest region)
if left untreated can lead to cancer

Question 21

label the regions of the stomach top to bottom

Answer 21

oesophagus
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
duodenum

Question 22

label the muscularis externa in the stomach

Answer 22

longitudinal
circular
oblique

Question 23

label the gastric gland

Answer 23

pit
isthmus
neck
base

Question 24

cells found on the top of the gastric gland

Answer 24

surface lining cell
regenerative cell

Question 25

cells found on the neck of the gastric gland

Answer 25

mucous neck cell oxyntic (parietal) cell

Question 26

cells found on the base of the gastric gland

Answer 26

zymogenic (chief) enteroendocrine

Question 27

function of surface lining cells in the gastric gland q

Answer 27

cover the luminal surface of the stomach partly line the gastric pits packed with cytoplasmic mucigen granules that are poorly stained by H&E short surface microvilli and secrete protective bicarbonate ions into deeper layers of surface mucous coat

Question 28

function of pit in gastric gland

Answer 28

to secrete hydrochloric acid

Question 29

function of the regenerative cell in the gastric gland

Answer 29

enables efficient stomach epithelium repair

Question 30

function of the oxyntic or parietal cells in the gastric gland

Answer 30

secrete gastric acid aids in digestion

Question 31

function of the zymogenic cells in the gastric gland

Answer 31

production of pepsin and rennin enzymes

Question 32

function of the enteroendocrine cells in the gastric gland

Answer 32

hormone secretion

Question 33

label the oesophagus

Answer 33

epithelium lamina propria muscular mucosa submucosa inner circular outer longitudinal;

Question 34

label A-E of the small intestine mucosa

Answer 34

intestinal lumen villi simple columnar epithelium lamina propria goblet cells (secrete mucous)

Question 35

what are intestinal glands

Answer 35

crypts of Lieberkuhn simple tubular glands begin at the bases of the villi in the mucosa and extend through the lamina propria to the muscularis mucosae

Question 36

what do the intestinal glands possess

Answer 36

absorptive cells goblet cells paneth cells enteroendocrine cells

Question 37

paneth cells

Answer 37

possess large, eosinophilic granules whose contents (lysozyme) digest bacterial cell walls

Question 38

label this image of the duodenum

Answer 38

M - mucosa V- villus MM- muscularis mucosae SM- submucosa B- Brunner's glands CM- circular muscles LM- longitudinal muscle

Question 39

defining factor of small intestine

Answer 39

paneth cells

Question 40

what is a classical feature of duodenum

Answer 40

Brunner's glands appear pale, therefore release mucus and help with lubrication

Question 41

what is a classical feature of the ileum

Answer 41

Peyers patches (lymphoid aggregated nodules) appear darker on a stain

Question 42

label the image of the ileum

Answer 42

a- goblet cells: secrete mucus b- structures found in the central core of villus microvasculature also has other cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibres and plasma cells PEYERS PATCHES

Question 43

what is this

Answer 43

duodenum

Question 44

what is this

Answer 44

jejunum

Question 45

what is this

Answer 45

ileum

Question 46

large intestine

Answer 46

has simple columnar epithelium main function is to absorb water, convert fecal matter form liquid to solid similar histological features to the small intestine but has no villi and only has few paneth cells, abundant goblet cells

Question 47

what is this image

Answer 47

appendix MALT mucosa associated lymphoid tissue provides protection against invaders of the mucosal connective tissue

Question 48

what is this image

Answer 48

the mucosa and the transition of the epithelium in the rectal-anal junction

Question 49

what is the epithelium lining the rectum

Answer 49

simple columnar epithelium

Question 50

functions of the submucosa layer

Answer 50

highly vascularised: enhances nutrient absorption assists the passage of bolus (mucous glands are present) contains submucosal (meissner) nerve plexus: controls muscle cells and glandular secretions

Question 51

sublayers of the mucosa layer and their functions

Answer 51

epithelium: mucous production and protection lamina propria: capillary rich absorption, MALT muscular mucosa: localised movements

Question 52

oral cavity

Answer 52

ingestion and fragmentation of food

Question 53

auxiliary gland system

Answer 53

secretory organs

Question 54

three functional compartments

Answer 54

oral cavity simple passages digestive tract