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Medicine: Histology > Histology of the renal system > Flashcards

Histology of the renal system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

pathway of urinary system

A

urine produced in kidneys
flows down utters to bladder where it is stored
until voided by urethra

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3
Q

which parts of urinary tract are retroperitoneal

A

kidneys
ureters

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4
Q

where is urinary bladder located

A

anterior part of the pelvis

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5
Q

blood supply to the kidney

A

renal arteries
arise from the aorta

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6
Q

venous drainage of kidney

A

renal veins
to the inferior vena cava

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7
Q

kidney filtration rate

A

filter the entire blood supply of the individual every 5 minutes

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8
Q

urine formation rate

A

1mL urine per minute

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9
Q

what is removed from blood for urine formation

A

urea
other toxins

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10
Q

what is conserved in the blood in urine production

A

water
salts
glucose
proteins

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11
Q

kidney anatomy

A

retroperitoneal organ
covered by thin fibrous capsule
outer renal cortex (darker)
and inner renal medulla
concave medial border (hilum) for structures entering and exiting
10-12 cm

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12
Q

location of the kidney

A

between T12 and L3

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13
Q

where do nephrons arise form in kidney

A

cortex
loop down the medulla and return to the cortex
ten drain into the collecting ducts
descend again into the medulla to discharge urine from apex of medullary pyramid

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14
Q

medullary pyramid

A

cone shaped

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15
Q

renal papilla

A

apical part of the medullary pyramid
enveloped by funnel shaped pelvis
represents the dilated proximal part of ureter
surrounded by branch of renal pelvis called calyx

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16
Q

how many lobes in kidney

A

10-18

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17
Q

how many lobes in kidney

A

w10-18

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18
Q

how many lobes in kidney

A

w10-18

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19
Q

what is the whole urinary collecting system in the kidney described as

A

pelvicalyceal system

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20
Q

renal sinus

A

space between branches of pelvvicalyceal system
filled with fatty supporting tissue

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21
Q

what is the kidney covered in

A

capsule
thick layer of perinephric fat
to protect against trauma

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22
Q

major calyx

A

minor calyx collects urine from papilla
they join in renal sinus to form major calyx
that then forms Renal pelvis

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23
Q

functions of the kidney

A

regulation of balance between water and electrolytes and the acid base balance
excretion of metabolic wastes with excess water and electrolytes in the urine
excretion of many bioactive substances including many drugs
secretion of renin, for blood pressure regulation
secretion of erythropoietin, stimulating erythrocyte production in red marrow when blood o2 level is low
conversion of steroid pro hormone vitamin D initially produced in the skin to active form calcitriol

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24
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

urineferous tubule

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25
Q

composition of urineferous tubule

A

nephron and collecting tubule

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26
Q

divisions of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle
proximal tubule
loop of hence
distal tubule
connecting tubule

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27
Q

renal corpuscle

A

initial dilated part comprised of capsule of bowman and glomerulus
always in the cortex

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28
Q

proximal tube

A

long convoluted part
located in the cortex
shorter straight part that enters the medulla

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29
Q

loop of henle

A

in the medulla
thin descending and thin and thick ascending

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30
Q

distal tubule

A

consisting of thick straight part ascending rom the loop of henle
back into the Cortex
convoluted part completely in the cortex

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31
Q

connecting tubule

A

short minor part
linking nephron to collecting ducts
reabsorption of water takes place

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32
Q

label the functional unit of the kidney

A
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33
Q

uniniferous tubule

A

nephron and collecting tubule/duct

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34
Q

cell type proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal
with microvilli

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35
Q

cell type distal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal
wider lumen
no microvilli

36
Q

thick loop cell type

A

simple cuboidal

37
Q

thin loop cell type

A

simple squamous

38
Q

collecting tubule cell type

A

simple cuboidal to columnar

39
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

cortical
juxtamedullary

40
Q

cortical nephrons

A

upper cortex of the kidney

41
Q

juxtamedullary cortex

A

near the junction of the cortex and medullar of the kidney
have long loops of henle

42
Q

what is renal corpuscle composed of

A

glomerular capillaries and Bowmans capsule

43
Q

image of renal corpuscle

A
44
Q

what are podocytes

A

modified epithelial cells
assist in filtration

45
Q

what is the glomerular filter

A

filtration barrier (between blood in glomerular capillary and space of Bowmans capsule)

46
Q

3 parts of the glomerular filter

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
thick fused basal laminae of podocytes (visceral layer of BC) and glomerular endothelial cells (restrict large proteins)
slit diaphragms between pedicles of visceral layer of epithelium to restrict small proteins

47
Q

image of the glomerular filter

A
48
Q

when is filtrate produced in the corpuscle

A

when blood plasma is forced under pressure
through capillary fenestrations
across filtration membrane or GBM surrounding the capillary
through filtration slit diaphragms located between podocyte pedicles

49
Q

glomerular filtration barrier, specialisation

A

displays high conductance to small and midsized solutes in plasma
retains relative impermeabiliy oto macromolecules

50
Q

label the image, what is it

A

renal corpuscle
PCT – Stained darker than DCT
Lumen of DCT is wider than PCT
Nucleus is more prominent in DCT than PCT
CD – cells are more columnar than DCT and PCT (cuboidal)
Water reabsorption takes place in CD under the influence of ADH

51
Q

ADH action in distal convoluted tubule

A

secreted by posterior pituitary
acts on last part of DCT
increase permeability of the tubule
permits absorption of water to produce more concentrated urine
in permanent absence of ADH
vast quantities of diet urine are formed
because of failure of water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts

52
Q

renal corpuscle summary

A

PL – parietal layer of BC
CS – capsular space
G - Glomerulus
Visceral layer of BC you can’t see. Why?
Between PCT and DCT, which one has wider lumen?
MD – macula densa

53
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

located at the vascular pole
where you have afferent and efferent arterioles
have macula dense cells and juxtaglomerular cells

54
Q

macula densa cells

A

Cluster of modified cells in the wall of DCT adjacent to the juxtaglomerular cells. They monitor sodium concentration.

55
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells in wall of an afferent arteriole. They release renin to regulate blood pressure.

56
Q

mesangial cells

A

remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane thus keeping the filter free of debris.

57
Q

2 groups of mesangial cells

A

smooth muscle origin

extraglomerular mesangial cells
pericyte-like intraglomerular mesangial cells

58
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

located at vascular pole

59
Q

pericyte-like intraglomerular mesangial cells

A

within the renal corpuscle

60
Q

blood pressure regulation is controlled by what

A

RAAS system

61
Q

RAAS system

A
62
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

specialisation of glomerular afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule of same nephron
involved in RAAS
made up of:
1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular cells of AA
3. extraglomerular mesangial cells (help remove debris)

63
Q

what are cells of macula densa sensitive to

A

concentration of sodium ions in fluid in DCT
decrease in systemic blood pressure results in decreased production of glomerular filtrate and hence decreased concentration of sodium ions in distal tubular fluid

64
Q

label the Renal cortex

A

P – PCT
D – DCT
G – Glomerulus
U – Urinary space/capsular
TP – Tubular pole

65
Q

why do simple cuboidal cells of distal tubules differ from proximal tubules

A

smaller
no brush border
more empty lumens
flatter
more nucleus typically seen in sections of distal than proximal

66
Q

what is in the image and label

A

medulla
HT – Thick Loop of Henle
HL – Think Loop of Henle
IC – Interstitial cells
CD – Collecting duct
VR – Vasa recta

67
Q

direction of tubules, ducts and vessels in medulla

A

towards papillary tip

68
Q

what is in the image and label

A
69
Q

lumen of ureter

A

longitudinal mucosal folds
formed by lmucusla contractions

70
Q

wall of ureter

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

71
Q

ureter mucosa

A

transitional epithelium
wide lamina propria

72
Q

layers of transitional epithelium in ureter

A

outermost is characterised by large cuboidal cells
intermediate cells are polyhedral in shape
basal cells are low columnar or cuboidal

73
Q

lamina propria ureter

A

fibroelastic connective tissue denser
more fibroblasts under epithelium
looser nearer muscularis

74
Q

muscular layers in upper ureter

A

inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer
middle circular smooth muscle layers
not always distinct

75
Q

muscular layers in lower ureter

A

inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer
middle circular smooth muscle layers
additional third outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

76
Q

what are the ureters

A

muscular tubes that carry irine form the kidneys to the bladder

77
Q

urinary bladder

A
78
Q

in bladder what does the interstitial connective tissue merge with

A

connective tissue of serosa

79
Q

what lines the surface of the bladder

A

serosa for superior surface
adventitia for inferior surface which merges with connective tissue of adjacent structures

80
Q

mucosa of empty bladder

A

mucosal folds
disappear during bladder distention

81
Q

what is mesothelium

A

highly specialised epithelia that protects underlying tissues from mechanism stress and seal them from overlying fluid space

82
Q

urinary bladder

A

superficial are low cuboidal or columnar, appear dome shaped
some may be binucleate
outer plasma membrane is prominent
deeper cells are round
basal cells more columnar
superficial LP contains connective tissue fibers, numeros fibroblasts and blood vessels

83
Q

renal tubule summary

A
84
Q

how do you differentiate from collecting tubular and loop of henle

A

medulla displays simple cuboidal of Ct
simple squamous of HL
endothelial cells of vasa recta

85
Q

label image

A

Medicine: Histology (15 decks)

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