Histology of male reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
what is shown in the image
A
sub fertility
2
Q
what is shown in the image
A
prostatic enlargement
3
Q
clinical relevance of the histology of the male reproductive system
A
sub fertility
prostatic enlargement
4
Q
male factor infertility pre-testicular
A
HPT axis failure
lifestyle and genetics
5
Q
testicular male factor infertility
A
6
Q
post testicular male factor infertility
A
7
Q
where does the production and maturation of sperm occur
A
testis and epididymis
8
Q
testis function
A
spermatocytogenesis
spermiogenesis
9
Q
epididymis function
A
mature and motile
10
Q
which glands produce seminal fluid
A
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
11
Q
which 3 components are involved in the transport of sperm and receiving seminal fluid
A
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
penis
12
Q
ductus deferens transporting and receiving
A
from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
receives fluid from the seminal vesicles
13
Q
ejaculatory duct transporting and receiving
A
within the prostate
connects ductus deferent to urethra
14
Q
penis transporting and receiving
A
contains urethra deposits sperm into female reproductive tract
15
Q
label the image of the testes
A
16
Q
what is in the image and label
A
17
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
highly coiled
several cross sections
central lumen
well defined basement membrane and myofibrils for transport
contains germinal epithelium (sperm cells)
contains Sertoli cells
18
Q
where are Sertoli cells located
A
in the seminiferous tubules
19
Q
interstitium
A
outside of the seminiferous tubules
contains Leydig cells
fibroblasts
collagen
capillaries
lymph vessels
20
Q
where are Leydig cells found
A
in the interstitium
21
Q
cells of the testes
A
leydig
sertoli
sperm cells at various stages of development
basal lamina
capillaries
blood-testes barrier
22
Q
label the image
A
23
Q
which cells are hormone producing in the testes
A
leydig cells
Sertoli cells
24
Q
leydig cells
A
interstitium
synthesise testosterone
respond to leutenising hormone
25
Sertoli cells
located in the seminiferous tubules
synthesis of hormones and proteins
respond to follicle stimulating hormone
support cells for spermatogenesis
26
what is in the image and how can these be located
leydig cells
find the basal lamina and look for cell in interstitium
round cell, round nucleus, Reinke's crystalloid
27
what is in the image and how can these be located
Sertoli cells
find the basal lamina
look for cell in the seminiferous tubule
appears distinct in H&E
tall columnar cells, cytoplasmic extensions and tight junctions
28
function of Sertoli cells
guide sperm towards lumen (forms and re-forms junctions)
blood testes barrier (tight junctions, immunologically safe)
secretes fluid (move immobile sperm to epididymis)
transfer of nutrients
phagocytosis (residual cytoplasm and dead sperm)
produces (ABP, inhibin, AMH and oestrogens)
29
androgen binding protein
androgen binding protein binds to testosterone
decreased lipophilic property
high levels of testosterone is pre-requisite for spermatogenesis
concentration of testosterone in seminiferous tubules >>> systemic circulation
30
what are the components of spermatogenesis
spermatocytogenesis
spermiogenesis
31
definition of spermatocytogenesis
spermatogonia undergo meiosis 1 and 2 to produce 4 haploid spermatids
32
spermiogenesis definition
each spermatid becomes a highly differentiate spermatozoa
33
primary spermatogonium
mitosis
renew stem cell population
prior to meiosis commencing
34
where does spermatogenesis occur
seminiferous tubules
at basal lamina then moves towards lumen
35
cell stages of spermatocytogenesis
primary spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatids
36
what are the 4 stages of spermiogenesis
Golgi phase
cap phase
acrosome phase
maturation phase
37
Golgi phase
PAS-positive granules appear in the Golgi apparatus and fuse to form a membrane bound acrosomal vesicle close to the nuclear membrane
the vesicle enlarges and it is anterior pole
the two centrioles migrate to the posterior pole of the spermatid
38
cpa phase
acrosomal vesicle changes shape to enclose the anterior half of the nucleus and becomes the acrosomal cap
nucleus condenses
39
acrosome phase
dense nucleus flattens and elongates, at the posterior pole developing axonemal complex can be seen
excess cytoplasm migrates to the posterior pole (residual cytoplasm)
mitochondria line up along the mid-piece
40
maturation phase
sperm cells move to the epididymis for maturation
41
what is the clinical relevance of 64 days
semen analysis
so will be re-analysed longer than 64 days apart
as infections or fever could affect semen
42
label 1-5
1. spermatogonia
2. spermatocytes
3. spermatids
4. spermatozoa
5. Sertoli cells
43
label the spermatozoa
1. acrosome
2. cell membrane
3. nucleus
4. mitochondria
5. head
6. midpiece/neck
7. tail/ flagellum
44
spermatozoa head function
nuclear size: reduced histones, replaced by protamines which allow tighter DNA packing, situated in head, oval shaped and small relative to diploid
acrosome- modified lysosome, enzymes, condenses into a cap to penetrate oocyte
loss of organelle
45
Spermatozoa neck function
centriole
46
Spermatozoa mid-piece
only other cell organelle
energy for motility
47
Spermatozoa tail function
modified cilium, originates close to nucleus, mitochondria wrap around mid-piece
sheath reinforced proteins, principle piece
plasma membrane, end piece
confers motility
48
clinical relevance of semen analysis
accounts for 50% of infertility issues
primary investigation is semen analysis
49
what needs to be measured in semen analysis
volume
sperm concentration
total sperm per ejaculate
normally formed spermatozoa
motility
progressive motility
spermatozoa vitality
anti-sperm antibodies
50
4 main categories in semen analysis
quantity
morphology
motility
vitality
51
normal semen analysis results
52
how important is sperm concentration
53
how important is morphology
insufficient criterium for prognosis of fertility
54
epididymis information
3-4 m in length
maturation
stabilisation of cell membrane
motility
55
ductus deferens function
storage site
for several months
56
ductus deferens function
storage site
for several months
57
what is in the image and what is its function
58
what is in the image and what is its function
59
semen production upon ejaculation
sperm transported form ductus deferens
receive seminal fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands
now called semen
transported from ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra
60
transport pathway in ejaculation
sperm from the ductus deferens
receives seminal fluid from glands
semen transported to ejaculatory duct to urethra
61
location of the seminal vesicles
posterior aspect of the bladder
drains into the ampulla of the vas deferens and denotes the beginning of the ejaculatory duct
62
secretion from the seminal vesicles
secretes thick alkaline fluid with fructose and coagulation factors
60-70% of the final volume
63
prostate location
inferior aspect of the bladder
64
prostate secretion
thin milk fluid with citrate, zinc etc
prostate specific antigen: liquefies coagulated ejaculate
20% of the final volume of semen
65
ejaculatory duct
within the prostate the ejaculatory duct joins the urethra
66
what is the prostate divided into
5 lobes based on position relative to the ejaculatory duct and urethra
67
label the prostate
68
histological percentages of the prostate
central 25%
transitional 5-10%
peripheral 65%
stroma, anteriorly placed and makes up the rest of the gland, relatively non-secretory
69
major components of the prostate
epithelium
glands
secretions
70
prostate secretory glands
open into the urethra
sit in supportive stroll network of fibroblasts, collagen and smooth muscle
71
septa in prostate
étend internally into ill-defined lobes
72
prostate ducts
open into the urethral sinuses on either side of a longitudinal ridge called the urethral crest
73
label the image of the prostate
74
label the prostate glands and name their openings
Inner periurethral
Opens directly into urethra
Outer periurethral
Opens via short ducts into urethra
Peripheral Zone
Opens via long ducts into urethra
75
what is in the image and discuss
The epithelium has folds and contains
tall columnar / cuboidal cells with pale cytoplasm (C)
basal pale-staining nuclei are also present (B)
The secretory products include acid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin, amylase and other proteins
In older individuals, condensed glycoprotein secretions may calcify in the lumen and are called corpora amylacea (CA)
76
location of bulbourethral glands
pea-sized glands embedded within the external urethral sphincter
sits between pelvic floor and urogenital triangle
drains into the membranous urethra
77
bulbourethral glands secretion
secretes mucus
10% of final volume of semen
78
penis/ejaculate
ejaculate is 90% semen and 10% sperm
semen transported through penile urethra
deposited into upper vagina and must travel to the site of fertilisation
79
label image
80
corpora cavernosum
smooth muscle
sinusoids
abundant vascular supply
81
mechanism of penile erection
POINT=PARASYMPATHETIC
SM relaxation
dilatation arteries
veins flattened
blood trapped
82
label the image
83
histology of the penis
84
major components of the prostate
epithelium
glands
secretions
