Histology of the female reproductive system

Question 1

different factors for female infertility

Answer 1

ovulatory disorders
tubal damage
uterine or peritoneal disorder
other causes
cervical cancer

Question 2

ovulatory disorders

Answer 2

most common cause of female infertility
25% of couples

Question 3

tubal damage

Answer 3

20% of couples
patency e.g. ectopic pregnancy
previous sterilisation

Question 4

uterine or peritoneal disorder

Answer 4

10% of couples
endometriosis or fibroids
pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 5

other causes for female infertility

Answer 5

lifestyle
age
previous/current infection
pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 6

label the image

Answer 6

Question 7

relationship between the ovaries and Fallopian tube

Answer 7

in close proximity and held together by the brand ligament
not directly connected

Question 8

label the image

Answer 8

Question 9

what is in the image and label

Answer 9

ovary
H= hilum
m= medulla
C= cortex

Question 10

the ovary

Answer 10

surface covered by single layer of epithelium
has 3 regions:
1. hilum which is entry/exit fo vasculature and lymphatic
2. medulla inner region
3. cortex containing gametes and support cells (stroma)

Question 11

hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis

Answer 11

Question 12

what is in the image

Answer 12

ovary

Question 13

what are the stages of ovarian follicular development

Answer 13

Question 14

what is follicle maturation

Answer 14

each mature follicle contains an oocyte and its outer zone pellucid as well as the support cells of the follicle (granulosa and theca cells) and the fluid filled astral cavity

Question 15

stages of follicular maturation

Answer 15

pre-antral
late pre-antral
astral
pre-ovulatory

Question 16

follicle in pre-antral

Answer 16

primary follicle

Question 17

follicle in late pre-antral

Answer 17

secondary follicle

Question 18

follicle in antral

Answer 18

late secondary or tertiary

Question 19

follicle in pre-ovulatory

Answer 19

mature/tertiary/ Graafian/ dominant

Question 20

primordial follicle

Answer 20

follicles develop during embryogenesis and the female has their full complement of oogonia by the second trimester of pregnancy

Question 21

what is in the image and what do the labels show

Answer 21

primordial follicle
e= epithelium
g= primordial germ cell
S= mesenchymal stroma is embryonic connective tissue that provides the cellular framework of the ovary

Question 22

what is in the image and label

Answer 22

o: oocyte
g: granulosa cells, support cells

Question 23

what is in the image and label

Answer 23

primary follicle
O: oocyte
ZP: zona pellucida
G: granulosa cells

zona pellucida develops at this stage
is a glycoprotein coating that pserm must penetrate to get into oocyte during fertilisation
granulosa cell layers thicken

Question 24

what is in the image and label

Answer 24

secondary follicle
O: oocyte
ZP: zona pellucida
G: granulosa cells
TI: theca interna, spindle
TE: theca externa, plump
C: antral cavity

granulosa and theca internal are secretory
antral cavity filled with necessary supportive fluid

Question 25

what is in the image and describe

Answer 25

Tertiary/Pre-ovulatory/Mature/Dominant/Graafian Follicle Fluid filled cavity enlarges to form the antrum Granulosa cells that separate the antrum and the oocyte form the cumulus-oocyte-complex (cumulus oophorus) Cumulus cells degenerate leaving the corona radiata

Question 26

what is ovulated

Answer 26

Primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte and you can see a polar body Follicle ruptures and fluid, oocyte and cumulus are released and coaxed into the Fallopian tube Follicle becomes the corpus luteum

Question 27

label the image

Answer 27

Question 28

what must all oocytes undergo

Answer 28

2 rounds of meiosis 1. primary oocytes, all oocytes present at birth in primordial follicles all oocytes padded in meiosis 1 and called primary oocytes 2. secondary oocytes, meiosis 1 is completed in hours before ovulation and becomes secondary oocyte, meiosis 2 starts but is paused 3. meiosis 2 is. only complete if fertilisation occurs

Question 29

oocyte maturation

Answer 29

primary oocytes: undergo meiosis 1 which starts in foetal life but is paused. It is completed in the hours before ovulation secondary oocytes: Begin Meiosis II begins after ovulation but is paused until fertilisation

Question 30

lifecycle of the corpus luteum

Answer 30

Corpus haemorraghicum (red) Corpus luteum (yellow) Corpus albicans (white) small fibrous mass stops producing hormones and persists for a long time Programmed to be steroidogenic for 14 days ± 2 and then undergoes leutolysis, If pregnant the CL remains until the placenta takes over steroidogenesis at week 13 of gestation

Question 31

what is in the image

Answer 31

Yellow Body Max size approx. day 20 (2 cm long x 1.5 cm wide) Blood clot fills the lumen Surrounding granulosa and theca interna cells are luteinised cells

Question 32

what is in the image

Answer 32

Corpus Albicans White Body Oval mass of fibrous tissue Theca externa and fibroblasts produce collagen - replace lutein cells. Thus non-steroidogenic. Scar tissue which remains in the ovary in life.

Question 33

what is in the image and label

Answer 33

Fallopian tube

Question 34

histology of the Fallopian tubes

Answer 34

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis (IC, OL) Serosa

Question 35

what is in the image, label and describe

Answer 35

ampulla

Question 36

fallopian epithelium

Answer 36

Question 37

ciliated and secretory cells

Answer 37

Question 38

Fallopian tube functions

Answer 38

Question 39

effect of increased oestrogen in Fallopian tubes

Answer 39

increased transport speed/ secretions for oocyte

Question 40

effect of increased progesterone in Fallopian tubes

Answer 40

decreased transport speed/ secretions for embryo

Question 41

secretions in Fallopian tubes

Answer 41

secretory cells

Question 42

transport in Fallopian tubes

Answer 42

ciliated cells smooth muscle contraction composition of tubal fluid

Question 43

3 phases of the uterine cycle

Answer 43

menses proliferative phase secretory phase

Question 44

menses

Answer 44

day 0-5 shedding of the endometrial lining

Question 45

proliferative phase

Answer 45

day 5-14 growth of endometrial lining

Question 46

secretory phase

Answer 46

day 14-28 preparation for implantation

Question 47

regular menses

Answer 47

Question 48

what is in the image and what do the labels show

Answer 48

uterine body and fundus

Question 49

label the image

Answer 49

Question 50

myometrium

Answer 50

Myometrial smooth muscle has three ill-defined layers It is sensitive to hormones and undergoes hyper trophy (size) and hyperplasia )numbers) during pregnancy.

Question 51

describe the proliferative phase

Answer 51

Question 52

describe the secretory phase

Answer 52

Question 53

describe the menstrual phase

Answer 53

Question 54

age for cervical screening

Answer 54

25-64

Question 55

describe the cervix

Answer 55

Question 56

what is in the image and describe

Answer 56

ectocervix

Question 57

what is in the image and describe

Answer 57

endocervix

Question 58

2 types of cervical epithelium

Answer 58

ectocervix endocervix

Question 59

what is in the image

Answer 59

Question 60

functions of secretions

Answer 60

Question 61

what is in the image

Answer 61

The cervical stroma is composed of smooth muscle fibres and collagen The ratio of collagen to smooth muscle may increase with age. Associated with increased risk during childbirth.

Question 62

the transformation zone

Answer 62

Question 63

what is in the image

Answer 63

ectropion Puberty – ectropion, eversion of the endocervix exposed to acidic environment, becomes squamous Can also occur for other reasons e.g. combine oral contraceptive pill Not pathological

Question 64

transformation zone histologically

Answer 64

Question 65

what is in the image

Answer 65

vagina 7-9 cm in length but capable of distention and elongation 4 Layers Stratified squamous epithelium Elastin rich submucosa Fibromuscular layer (ill-defined) Adventitia

Question 66

function of the vagina

Answer 66

Question 67

function of the vagina

Answer 67