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Medicine: Histology > Histology of the female reproductive system > Flashcards

Histology of the female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

different factors for female infertility

A

ovulatory disorders
tubal damage
uterine or peritoneal disorder
other causes
cervical cancer

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2
Q

ovulatory disorders

A

most common cause of female infertility
25% of couples

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3
Q

tubal damage

A

20% of couples
patency e.g. ectopic pregnancy
previous sterilisation

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4
Q

uterine or peritoneal disorder

A

10% of couples
endometriosis or fibroids
pelvic inflammatory disease

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5
Q

other causes for female infertility

A

lifestyle
age
previous/current infection
pelvic inflammatory disease

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6
Q

label the image

A
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7
Q

relationship between the ovaries and Fallopian tube

A

in close proximity and held together by the brand ligament
not directly connected

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8
Q

label the image

A
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9
Q

what is in the image and label

A

ovary
H= hilum
m= medulla
C= cortex

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10
Q

the ovary

A

surface covered by single layer of epithelium
has 3 regions:
1. hilum which is entry/exit fo vasculature and lymphatic
2. medulla inner region
3. cortex containing gametes and support cells (stroma)

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11
Q

hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis

A
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12
Q

what is in the image

A

ovary

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13
Q

what are the stages of ovarian follicular development

A
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14
Q

what is follicle maturation

A

each mature follicle contains an oocyte and its outer zone pellucid as well as the support cells of the follicle (granulosa and theca cells) and the fluid filled astral cavity

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15
Q

stages of follicular maturation

A

pre-antral
late pre-antral
astral
pre-ovulatory

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16
Q

follicle in pre-antral

A

primary follicle

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17
Q

follicle in late pre-antral

A

secondary follicle

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18
Q

follicle in antral

A

late secondary or tertiary

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19
Q

follicle in pre-ovulatory

A

mature/tertiary/ Graafian/ dominant

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20
Q

primordial follicle

A

follicles develop during embryogenesis and the female has their full complement of oogonia by the second trimester of pregnancy

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21
Q

what is in the image and what do the labels show

A

primordial follicle
e= epithelium
g= primordial germ cell
S= mesenchymal stroma is embryonic connective tissue that provides the cellular framework of the ovary

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22
Q

what is in the image and label

A

o: oocyte
g: granulosa cells, support cells

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23
Q

what is in the image and label

A

primary follicle
O: oocyte
ZP: zona pellucida
G: granulosa cells

zona pellucida develops at this stage
is a glycoprotein coating that pserm must penetrate to get into oocyte during fertilisation
granulosa cell layers thicken

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24
Q

what is in the image and label

A

secondary follicle
O: oocyte
ZP: zona pellucida
G: granulosa cells
TI: theca interna, spindle
TE: theca externa, plump
C: antral cavity

granulosa and theca internal are secretory
antral cavity filled with necessary supportive fluid

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25
Q

what is in the image and describe

A

Tertiary/Pre-ovulatory/Mature/Dominant/Graafian Follicle
Fluid filled cavity enlarges to form the antrum

Granulosa cells that separate the antrum and the oocyte form the cumulus-oocyte-complex (cumulus oophorus)

Cumulus cells degenerate leaving the corona radiata

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26
Q

what is ovulated

A

Primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte and you can see a polar body
Follicle ruptures and fluid, oocyte and cumulus are released and coaxed into the Fallopian tube
Follicle becomes the corpus luteum

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27
Q

label the image

A
28
Q

what must all oocytes undergo

A

2 rounds of meiosis
1. primary oocytes, all oocytes present at birth in primordial follicles
all oocytes padded in meiosis 1 and called primary oocytes

  1. secondary oocytes, meiosis 1 is completed in hours before ovulation and becomes secondary oocyte, meiosis 2 starts but is paused
  2. meiosis 2 is. only complete if fertilisation occurs
29
Q

oocyte maturation

A

primary oocytes:
undergo meiosis 1 which starts in foetal life but is paused.
It is completed in the hours before ovulation

secondary oocytes:
Begin Meiosis II begins after ovulation but is paused until fertilisation

30
Q

lifecycle of the corpus luteum

A

Corpus haemorraghicum (red)
Corpus luteum (yellow)
Corpus albicans (white) small fibrous mass stops producing hormones and persists for a long time

Programmed to be steroidogenic for 14 days ± 2 and then undergoes leutolysis, If pregnant the CL remains until the placenta takes over steroidogenesis at week 13 of gestation

31
Q

what is in the image

A

Yellow Body
Max size approx. day 20 (2 cm long x 1.5 cm wide)
Blood clot fills the lumen
Surrounding granulosa and theca interna cells are luteinised cells

32
Q

what is in the image

A

Corpus Albicans
White Body
Oval mass of fibrous tissue
Theca externa and fibroblasts produce collagen - replace lutein cells. Thus non-steroidogenic.
Scar tissue which remains in the ovary in life.

33
Q

what is in the image and label

A

Fallopian tube

34
Q

histology of the Fallopian tubes

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis (IC, OL)
Serosa

35
Q

what is in the image, label and describe

A

ampulla

36
Q

fallopian epithelium

A
37
Q

ciliated and secretory cells

A
38
Q

Fallopian tube functions

A
39
Q

effect of increased oestrogen in Fallopian tubes

A

increased transport speed/ secretions for oocyte

40
Q

effect of increased progesterone in Fallopian tubes

A

decreased transport speed/ secretions for embryo

41
Q

secretions in Fallopian tubes

A

secretory cells

42
Q

transport in Fallopian tubes

A

ciliated cells
smooth muscle contraction
composition of tubal fluid

43
Q

3 phases of the uterine cycle

A

menses
proliferative phase
secretory phase

44
Q

menses

A

day 0-5
shedding of the endometrial lining

45
Q

proliferative phase

A

day 5-14
growth of endometrial lining

46
Q

secretory phase

A

day 14-28
preparation for implantation

47
Q

regular menses

A
48
Q

what is in the image and what do the labels show

A

uterine body and fundus

49
Q

label the image

A
50
Q

myometrium

A

Myometrial smooth muscle has three ill-defined layers
It is sensitive to hormones and undergoes hyper trophy (size) and hyperplasia )numbers) during pregnancy.

51
Q

describe the proliferative phase

A
52
Q

describe the secretory phase

A
53
Q

describe the menstrual phase

A
54
Q

age for cervical screening

A

25-64

55
Q

describe the cervix

A
56
Q

what is in the image and describe

A

ectocervix

57
Q

what is in the image and describe

A

endocervix

58
Q

2 types of cervical epithelium

A

ectocervix
endocervix

59
Q

what is in the image

A
60
Q

functions of secretions

A
61
Q

what is in the image

A

The cervical stroma is composed of smooth muscle fibres and collagen

The ratio of collagen to smooth muscle may increase with age. Associated with increased risk during childbirth.

62
Q

the transformation zone

A
63
Q

what is in the image

A

ectropion
Puberty – ectropion, eversion of the endocervix exposed to acidic environment, becomes squamous

Can also occur for other reasons e.g. combine oral contraceptive pill

Not pathological

64
Q

transformation zone histologically

A
65
Q

what is in the image

A

vagina
7-9 cm in length but capable of distention and elongation

4 Layers
Stratified squamous epithelium
Elastin rich submucosa
Fibromuscular layer (ill-defined)
Adventitia

66
Q

function of the vagina

A
67
Q

function of the vagina

A

Medicine: Histology (15 decks)

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