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Medicine: Histology > Histology of the muscle > Flashcards

Histology of the muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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2
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

locomotion
posture maintenance
muscle tone
heat generation
joint stability
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
peristalsis
cardiac motion and contractility

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3
Q

striation

A

Only present in skeletal and cardiac muscles (absent in smooth muscle)

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4
Q

nucleus

A

Smooth and cardiac muscles are uni-nucleated (one nucleus per cell), skeletal muscle is multinucleated (several nuclei per cell)

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5
Q

transverse Tubule

A

Well developed in skeletal and cardiac muscles to transport calcium (absent in smooth muscle)

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6
Q

intercalated disk

A

Specialized intercellular junction that is only present in cardiac muscle

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7
Q

control

A

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control‚ smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control

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8
Q

types of skeletal muscle

A

parallel
convergent
pennate
circular

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9
Q

types of parallel muscles

A

parallel muscle
parallel muscle with tendinous bands
wrapping muscle

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10
Q

parallel muscle example

A

biceps brachil muscle

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11
Q

parallel muscle with tendinous bands

A

rectus abdominus

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12
Q

wrapping muscle

A

supinator

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13
Q

example of convergent muscle

A

pectoralis muscles

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14
Q

types of pennate muscles

A

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

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15
Q

unipennate muscle

A

extensor digitorum

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16
Q

bipennate muslce

A

rectus femoris

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17
Q

multipennate muscle

A

deltoid

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18
Q

label the image

A
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19
Q

types of connective tissue sheaths

A

epimysium
perimysium and fascicles
endomysium

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20
Q

epimysium

A

overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

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21
Q

perimysium and fascicles

A

within each skeletal muscle the fibers are grouped into fascicles that resemble bundles of sticks
surrounding each fascicle is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue perimysium

22
Q

endomysium

A

sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre and is connective tissue in nature

23
Q

what is in the image and from which view

A

cross section of skeletal muscle

24
Q

what is in the image and from which view

A

cross section of skeletal muscle

25
Q

skeletal muscle in cross section

A

hexagonal profile with individual cells moulded together
nucleic beneath cell membrane
fibrocollagenous septa contain blood vessels

26
Q

what is in the image and from which view

A

skeletal muscle in a longitudinal view

27
Q

skeletal muscle in longitudinal view

A

shows prominent cross striations
dark bands termed A bands and light are termed I bands
correspond to the arrangement of thick and thin filaments in myofibrils
nuclei appear as elongated structures beneath cell membrane, each fibre has many nuclei

28
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

the region of myofibril between 2 successive Z discs
smallest contractile unit of a muscle fibre

29
Q

what are the two different bands

A

dark and light
A and I

30
Q

dark band

A

A bands
has lighter region in midsection called H zone

31
Q

H zone

A

bisected vertical by dark line called M line
M for middle

32
Q

light band

A

I band
has a midline interruption called Z disc or Z line

33
Q

where are I bands found

A

thin filaments

34
Q

where are H zones found

A

thick filaments only q

35
Q

where is the M line found

A

thick filaments linked by accessory proteins

36
Q

outer edge of the A bands

A

thick and thin filaments overlap

37
Q

what is a motor endplate

A

specialised chemical synapses formed at the sites where the terminal branches of the axon of a motor neuron contact a target muscle cell.

38
Q

action of the motor end plate

A

activation causes release of acetylcholine from storage granules by exocytosis
then diffuses across gap between axon and muscle fibre and interacts with specific membrane receptors to cause depolarisation of muscle fibre
initiates contraction
activity of secreted acetylcholine is curtailed by activity of acetylcholinesterase
bound to basement membrane
hydrolyses acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline
specialised motor axons innervate fibres in the muscle spindle

39
Q

myasthenia graves

A

autoimmune disease
antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors
prevent acetylcholine from interacting with receptors causing depolarisation
develop muscle weakness manifested by fatiguability, unable to lift arms
failure to maintain upright posture of head and drooping of eyelids
treatment is by administration of anticholinesterases
potentiates action of acetylcholine and allows it to bind to receptors not blocked by antibody

40
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

deficiency of dystrophin
genetic disorder
dystrophin encoded by gene on short arm of X chromosome Xp21
linked to cytoplasmic side of sarcolemma of muscle fibre
rapid progression of skeletal muscle degeneration
mainly young boys
muscle weakness and wasting

41
Q

what is in the image

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy
lack of dystrophin results in damage to skeletal muscle cell membrane with eventual death of muscle fibers
dead muscle cells replaced y fat cells
muscle fibres are of various diameters

42
Q

what is in the image

A

longitudinal section of cardiac muscle cells
contain 1 or 2 nucleus
extensive eosinophilic cytoplasm
gives 3d appearance
elongated nuclei central located

43
Q

what is in the image

A

transverse section of cardiac muscle

44
Q

what is in the image

A

ID are intercalated disks
cross section under polarised light

45
Q

what is in the amigo and what are the red lines

A

intercalated discs
longitudinal section of cardiac muscle

46
Q

what is in the image

A

transverse section of cardiac muscle

47
Q

what is in the image

A

longitudinal section of smooth muscle
can see serosa and elongated nuclei but there’s no striations

48
Q

what is in the image

A

cross section of smooth muscle

49
Q

skeletal muscle summary

A
50
Q

cardiac muscle summary

A
51
Q

smooth muscle summary

A
52
Q

what are satellite cells

A

are adult myogenic stem cells that repair damaged muscle. After injury, the population of SCs becomes engaged in two processes: SCs produce myoblasts that can replace damaged fibers and also undergo self-reneweal to replenish their pool for subsequent rounds of repair following injury.

Medicine: Histology (15 decks)

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