Practical 1

Question 1

what epithelium do you see in the oesophagus on 10x and 40x power

Answer 1

stratified squamous non keratinised
innermost mucosal lining of the oesophagus
epithelium has multiple layers of flat cells with centrally located nucleus which appears purple

Question 2

which structure is stained purple in the oesophagus epithelium and why does it take hematoxylin stain

Answer 2

nucleus
basophilic structures stain purple as they have an acidic component such as DNA
binds to the basic stain

Question 3

4 layers of the gut from inside to outside

Answer 3

mucosa
submucosa
musculares externa
serosa/adventitita

Question 4

outermost layer in oesophagus

Answer 4

adventitia

Question 5

function of the oesophagus

Answer 5

food pipe
allows food to go into the stomach by help of mucus and involuntary muscular movements

Question 6

epithelium in human skin

Answer 6

stratified squamous epithelium, keratinised
multiple layers of flat cells with centrally located basophilic nucleus and underlying basement membrane/basal lamina

Question 7

which layer of the skin has keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 7

epidermis

Question 8

how is epithelium in the skin different from the epithelium in the oesophagus

Answer 8

has a keratin layer on the top
stratum corneum

Question 9

name of the layer below epidermis, which sublayer is closest to epidermis

Answer 9

dermis
papillary dermis close to epidermis

Question 10

functions of the epidermis tissue

Answer 10

protection
thermoregulation
prevents loss of moisture

Question 11

epithelium in the duodenum

Answer 11

simple columnar
single layer of tall columnar cells
single purple nucleus

Question 12

epithelial surface specialisation in the duodenum mucosa

Answer 12

villi

Question 13

classical feature that distinguishes the duodenum from other gut tissues

Answer 13

burners glands in the submucosa layer
secrete mucus which has bicarbonate ions in them that help with the neutralisation of acidic contents coming from the stomach

Question 14

functions of the duodenum

Answer 14

absorption of food/nutrients from intestine into the blood

Question 15

where is pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium found

Answer 15

trachea

Question 16

classical feature that distinguishes pseudo stratified epithelium and the significance of it

Answer 16

presence of cartilaginous ring, hyaline cartilage
presence of oesophagus posteriorly

Question 17

function of cilia in tracheal epithelium

Answer 17

presence of cilia and goblet cells allows mucociliary clearance

Question 18

cartilaginous cells in pseudostratfied epithelium

Answer 18

hyaline cartilage

Question 19

functions of the pseudo stratified epithelium

Answer 19

air/wind pipe
part of the conducting airway
carries air in and out of the lung

Question 20

eosinophilic structures in the medulla of the thymus

Answer 20

eosinophilic masses are called hassalls corpuscle

Question 21

why does the Cortex appear more basophilic than the medulla

Answer 21

as the cells are closely packed together in the cortex

Question 22

what could the basophilic structures in the thymus be

Answer 22

lymphocytes

Question 23

functions of the thymus tissue

Answer 23

maturation of T cells

Question 24

thick middle layer of the aorta and what is its function

Answer 24

elastic fibers
elastic recoil of the artery

Question 25

thick middle layer name of the aorta

Answer 25

tunica media

Question 26

functions of the aorta

Answer 26

main elastic artery carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body via different muscular arteries

Question 27

what is the white space in the middle of the tonsil called

Answer 27

crypt
invagination of epithelium

Question 28

what epithelium is present in palatine tonsil

Answer 28

stratified squamous non keratinised

Question 29

functions of the tonsil tissue

Answer 29

provides immunity/defence as it acts as a secondary lymphoid organ
MALT

Question 30

what is MALT

Answer 30

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue