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A&P2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

_ (breathing) is the movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

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2
Q

_ is gas exchange between blood and [inside] lungs

A

external respiration

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3
Q

_ gas exchange between blood and tissues

A

internal respiration

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4
Q

_ is the movement of gases within the body using blood

A

respiratory gas transport

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5
Q

_ are rigid conduits for transport of air to respiratory passages and cleanse/humidify incoming air (e.g., trachea, larynx, bronchi)

A

conduction zone

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6
Q

_ is the site of gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

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7
Q

_ filter coarse particles from entering respiratory pathway

A

vibrissae (nose hairs)

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8
Q

_ contains smell receptors

A

olfactory mucosa

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9
Q

_ is made of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelia (e.g., goblet and serous cells)

A

respiratory mucosa

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10
Q

_ cells are mucous; _ cells are enzymes

A

goblet; serous

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11
Q

_ contain lysozyme and defensins

A

serous cells

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12
Q

_ are antibacterial enzymes

A

lysozymes

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13
Q

_ are antibiotics that aid in bacterial defense

A

defensins

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14
Q

_ is a cartilaginous organ between the trachea and pharynx (after epiglottis)

A

larynx (voice box)

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15
Q

_ is the opening between vocal cords in larynx

A

glottis

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16
Q

_ is a long, flexible tube directing air to bronchi

A

trachea (windpipe)

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17
Q

_ are two tubes that carry air from trachea to lungs

A

bronchi

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18
Q

_ are smaller, branching air passageways inside lungs

A

bronchioles

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19
Q

_ are sacs at the end of bronchioles

A

alveolar sacs

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20
Q

_ connect respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

A

alveolar ducts

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21
Q

_ are simple squamous epithelia with fused basal lamina, and form respiratory membrane

A

type I cells

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22
Q

_ are cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

A

type II cells

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23
Q

_ allow air pressure throughout lung to be equalized if ducts collapse

A

alveolar pores

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24
Q

_ destroy microorganisms and pathogens (2M/h)

A

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

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25
Q

_ occupy the entire thoracic cavity, receive blood from pulmonary arteries/drained by pulmonary veins, and surrounded by pleura

A

lungs

26
Q

_ is equal to 760 mmHg

A

atmospheric pressure (Patm)

27
Q

_ is pressure inside alveoli that rises-falls with breathing; equilibrizes to Patm

A

intrapulmonary pressure (Palv)

28
Q

_ fluctuates but is always negative compared to Palv

A

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

29
Q

_ states that if temperature is constant, gas pressure is inverse to volume (P1V1 = P2V2)

A

boyle’s law

30
Q

_ is the uptake of air into the lungs (diaphragm drops; external intercostals lift outward)

A

inspiration

31
Q

_ is a passive process based on lung elasticity (diaphragm moves upward to relax; external intercostals drop)

A

expiration

32
Q

_ is a detergent-like complex of proteins and lipids produced by type II cells; allow lungs to inflate

A

surfactant

33
Q

_ is caused when molecules are more attracted to one another at surfaces than other types of molecules

A

alveolar surface tension

34
Q

_ is the amount of stretching of the lungs (how well it gives); related to lungvolume and pressure

A

lung compliance (distensibility)

35
Q

_ is the volume of air in and out of lungs; 500mL

A

tidal volume (TV)

36
Q

_ is the volume of air forced beyond tidal volume; 2100-3200mL

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

37
Q

_ is the volu,e of air forced out of lungs; 1200mL

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

38
Q

_ is the volume of air left in the lungs to prevent collapse

A

residual volume (RV)

39
Q

_ is the amount that can be inspired after tidal expiration (TV+IRV)

A

inspiratory capacity (IC)

40
Q

_ is the amount of air left in the lungs after tidal expiration (combined inspiratory and expiratory volumes)

A

functional residual capacity (FRC)

41
Q

_ is the total amount of exchangeable air; 4800mL

A

vital capacity (VC)

42
Q

_ is the sum of all capacities; 6000mL

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

43
Q

_ states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture (each partial pressure is directly proportional to percentage in mixture)

A

dalton’s law [of partial pressures]

44
Q

_ states that In a mixture of gas, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure (more gas =, greater / faster dissolve)

A

henry’s law

45
Q

_ is the amount of air in alveoli

A

ventilation

46
Q

_ is the blood flow in capillaries

A

perfusion

47
Q

_ is a hemoglobin-oxygen combination with fully/partially saturated heme groups

A

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

48
Q

_ is a reduced hemoglobin

A

deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

49
Q

_ explains that increased activity raises an area’s temperature, which shifts offloading of oxygen to these tissues

A

bohr effect

50
Q

acidosis weakens hemoglobin-oxygen bond, accelerating oxygen offloading - this is an example of _

A

bohr effect

51
Q

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion to _ (in RBC’s); allows bicarbonate to be formed

A

carbonic acid

52
Q

_ diffuse from RBCs to plasma

A

bicarbonate ions

53
Q

chloride ions move from plasma to RBC’s to counterbalance; this ionic exchange is termed _

A

chloride shift

54
Q

_ explains that the less oxygen in blood, the more blood can carry carbon dioxide

A

haldane effect

55
Q

_ can be caused by fibrosis (scarring)

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

56
Q

_ is when smooth muscles constrict and tighten airways, impeding bulk flow

A

asthma

57
Q

_ is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tuberculosis

58
Q

_ can include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma (epithelia are the most likely tissue to get cancer)

A

lung cancer

59
Q

_ includes bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, and bronchospasms

A

chronic bronchitis

60
Q

_ is the destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, and air trapping

A

emphysema

A&P2 (12 decks)

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