Respiratory System

Question 1

_ (breathing) is the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 1

pulmonary ventilation

Question 2

_ is gas exchange between blood and [inside] lungs

Answer 2

external respiration

Question 3

_ gas exchange between blood and tissues

Answer 3

internal respiration

Question 4

_ is the movement of gases within the body using blood

Answer 4

respiratory gas transport

Question 5

_ are rigid conduits for transport of air to respiratory passages and cleanse/humidify incoming air (e.g., trachea, larynx, bronchi)

Answer 5

conduction zone

Question 6

_ is the site of gas exchange

Answer 6

respiratory zone

Question 7

_ filter coarse particles from entering respiratory pathway

Answer 7

vibrissae (nose hairs)

Question 8

_ contains smell receptors

Answer 8

olfactory mucosa

Question 9

_ is made of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelia (e.g., goblet and serous cells)

Answer 9

respiratory mucosa

Question 10

_ cells are mucous; _ cells are enzymes

Answer 10

goblet; serous

Question 11

_ contain lysozyme and defensins

Answer 11

serous cells

Question 12

_ are antibacterial enzymes

Answer 12

lysozymes

Question 13

_ are antibiotics that aid in bacterial defense

Answer 13

defensins

Question 14

_ is a cartilaginous organ between the trachea and pharynx (after epiglottis)

Answer 14

larynx (voice box)

Question 15

_ is the opening between vocal cords in larynx

Answer 15

glottis

Question 16

_ is a long, flexible tube directing air to bronchi

Answer 16

trachea (windpipe)

Question 17

_ are two tubes that carry air from trachea to lungs

Answer 17

bronchi

Question 18

_ are smaller, branching air passageways inside lungs

Answer 18

bronchioles

Question 19

_ are sacs at the end of bronchioles

Answer 19

alveolar sacs

Question 20

_ connect respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

Answer 20

alveolar ducts

Question 21

_ are simple squamous epithelia with fused basal lamina, and form respiratory membrane

Answer 21

type I cells

Question 22

_ are cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

Answer 22

type II cells

Question 23

_ allow air pressure throughout lung to be equalized if ducts collapse

Answer 23

alveolar pores

Question 24

_ destroy microorganisms and pathogens (2M/h)

Answer 24

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Question 25

_ occupy the entire thoracic cavity, receive blood from pulmonary arteries/drained by pulmonary veins, and surrounded by pleura

Answer 25

lungs

Question 26

_ is equal to 760 mmHg

Answer 26

atmospheric pressure (Patm)

Question 27

_ is pressure inside alveoli that rises-falls with breathing; equilibrizes to Patm

Answer 27

intrapulmonary pressure (Palv)

Question 28

_ fluctuates but is always negative compared to Palv

Answer 28

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

Question 29

_ states that if temperature is constant, gas pressure is inverse to volume (P1V1 = P2V2)

Answer 29

boyle's law

Question 30

_ is the uptake of air into the lungs (diaphragm drops; external intercostals lift outward)

Answer 30

inspiration

Question 31

_ is a passive process based on lung elasticity (diaphragm moves upward to relax; external intercostals drop)

Answer 31

expiration

Question 32

_ is a detergent-like complex of proteins and lipids produced by type II cells; allow lungs to inflate

Answer 32

surfactant

Question 33

_ is caused when molecules are more attracted to one another at surfaces than other types of molecules

Answer 33

alveolar surface tension

Question 34

_ is the amount of stretching of the lungs (how well it gives); related to lungvolume and pressure

Answer 34

lung compliance (distensibility)

Question 35

_ is the volume of air in and out of lungs; 500mL

Answer 35

tidal volume (TV)

Question 36

_ is the volume of air forced beyond tidal volume; 2100-3200mL

Answer 36

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 37

_ is the volu,e of air forced out of lungs; 1200mL

Answer 37

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 38

_ is the volume of air left in the lungs to prevent collapse

Answer 38

residual volume (RV)

Question 39

_ is the amount that can be inspired after tidal expiration (TV+IRV)

Answer 39

inspiratory capacity (IC)

Question 40

_ is the amount of air left in the lungs after tidal expiration (combined inspiratory and expiratory volumes)

Answer 40

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Question 41

_ is the total amount of exchangeable air; 4800mL

Answer 41

vital capacity (VC)

Question 42

_ is the sum of all capacities; 6000mL

Answer 42

total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 43

_ states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture (each partial pressure is directly proportional to percentage in mixture)

Answer 43

dalton's law [of partial pressures]

Question 44

_ states that In a mixture of gas, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure (more gas =, greater / faster dissolve)

Answer 44

henry's law

Question 45

_ is the amount of air in alveoli

Answer 45

ventilation

Question 46

_ is the blood flow in capillaries

Answer 46

perfusion

Question 47

_ is a hemoglobin-oxygen combination with fully/partially saturated heme groups

Answer 47

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Question 48

_ is a reduced hemoglobin

Answer 48

deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

Question 49

_ explains that increased activity raises an area's temperature, which shifts offloading of oxygen to these tissues

Answer 49

bohr effect

Question 50

acidosis weakens hemoglobin-oxygen bond, accelerating oxygen offloading - this is an example of _

Answer 50

bohr effect

Question 51

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion to _ (in RBC’s); allows bicarbonate to be formed

Answer 51

carbonic acid

Question 52

_ diffuse from RBCs to plasma

Answer 52

bicarbonate ions

Question 53

chloride ions move from plasma to RBC’s to counterbalance; this ionic exchange is termed _

Answer 53

chloride shift

Question 54

_ explains that the less oxygen in blood, the more blood can carry carbon dioxide

Answer 54

haldane effect

Question 55

_ can be caused by fibrosis (scarring)

Answer 55

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 56

_ is when smooth muscles constrict and tighten airways, impeding bulk flow

Answer 56

asthma

Question 57

_ is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 57

tuberculosis

Question 58

_ can include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma (epithelia are the most likely tissue to get cancer)

Answer 58

lung cancer

Question 59

_ includes bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, and bronchospasms

Answer 59

chronic bronchitis

Question 60

_ is the destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, and air trapping

Answer 60

emphysema