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a&p2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

_ are the delivery system of dynamic structures; begin and end at heart

A

blood vessels

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2
Q

blood vessels work with the _ system to circulate fluids

A

lymphatic

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3
Q

_ carry blood away from heart; _ carry blood toward heart

A

arteries; veins

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4
Q

_ are oxygenated (except pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus)

A

arteries

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5
Q

_ are deoxygenated (except pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus)

A

veins

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6
Q

_ provide direct contact with tissue cells

A

capillaries

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7
Q

capillaries directly serve _ needs

A

tissue

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8
Q

_ vessels consist of lumen

A

all

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9
Q

_ is the central blood-containing space surrounded by a wall

A

lumen

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10
Q

_ are the layers of vessel walls

A

tunics

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11
Q

tunica _ is the innermost layer; has ‘intimate’ contact with blood

A

intima

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12
Q

the _ is simple squamous epithelium; lines lumen of all vessels

A

endothelium

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13
Q

endothelium is continuous with _

A

endocardium

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14
Q

endothelium’s slick surface _ friction

A

reduces

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15
Q

the _ layer is a connective tissue basement membrane

A

subendothelial

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16
Q

tunica _ is the middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastin sheets

A

media

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17
Q

_ is decreased lumen diameter; _ is increased lumen diameter

A

vasoconstriction; vasodilation

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18
Q

tunica _ is bulkiest since it maintains blood flow and pressure

A

media

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19
Q

tunica _ is the outermost layer of wall, made mostly of loose collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels

A

externa (adventitia)

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20
Q

tunica externa is also called tunica _

A

adventitia

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21
Q

_ is a system of tiny blood vessels in larger vessels

A

vasa vasorum

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22
Q

vasa vasorum functions to nourish _ layer

A

outermost

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23
Q

_ arteries are thick-walled

A

elastic

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24
Q

elastic arteries have large, _-resistance lumen

A

low

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25
Q

elastic arteries give rise to _ arteries

A

muscular

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26
Q

elastic arteries are also called _ arteries (conduct blood from heart to medium-sized vessels)

A

conducting

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27
Q

muscular arteries are also called _ arteries (deliver blood to body organs)

A

distributing

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28
Q

muscular arteries have the _ tunica media

A

thickest

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29
Q

_ control flow into capillary beds [vasodilation-vasoconstriction of smooth muscle]

A

arterioles

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30
Q

arterioles are the _ of all arteries

A

smallest

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31
Q

arterioles are also called _ arteries (changing diameters changes resistance to blood flow)

A

resistance

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32
Q

_ is the volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or circulation in given period

A

blood flow

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33
Q

blood flow is measured in _

A

ml/min

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34
Q

overall blood flow is relatively _ at rest (varies at organs based on needs)

A

constant

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35
Q

_ is the force per unit area exerted on blood vessel wall by blood

A

blood pressure

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36
Q

blood pressure is expressed in _

A

mmHg

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37
Q

blood pressure is measured as _ arterial BP (large arteries near heart)

A

systemic

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38
Q

the _ (in BP) provides driving force that keeps blood flowing from higher to lower pressure areas

A

pressure gradient

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39
Q

_ is opposition to flow

A

resistance (peripheral resistance)

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40
Q

resistance measures amount of _ with blood vessel walls

A

friction

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41
Q

_ are spider-shaped stem cells

A

pericytes

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42
Q

_ help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability, and have a role in vessel repair

A

pericytes

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43
Q

_, or gaps, in capillary endothelial cells allow passage of fluids and small solutes

A

intercellular clefts

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44
Q

_ are areas where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly bound (impermeable barrier)

A

tight junctions

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45
Q

_ capillaries form the blood brain barrier (totally enclosed with tight junctions; no intercellular clefts)

A

continuous

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46
Q

_ capillaries are abundant in skin, lungs, muscles, and CNS

A

continuous

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47
Q

continuous capillaries are the _ permeable

A

least

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48
Q

_ is what allows materials to pass through

A

permeability

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49
Q

_ capillaries allow for increased permeability (large pores) and made of endothelial cells with fenestrations

A

fenestrated

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50
Q

_ are covered with thin glycoprotein diaphragm

A

fenestrations

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51
Q

_ capillaries are found in areas with active filtration (kidneys), absorption (intestine), or endocrine hormone secretion

A

fenestrated

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52
Q

_ capillaries contain macrophages in lining (capture-destroy foreign invaders)

A

sinusoidal

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53
Q

_ capillaries have less tight junctions and larger intercellular clefts (incomplete basement membranes)

A

sinusoidal

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54
Q

sinusoidal capillaries have _ lumen

A

larger

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55
Q

blood flow in sinusoidal capillaries is _: allows time for modification of large molecules and blood cells passing between blood-tissue

A

sluggish

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56
Q

_ capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla

A

sinusoidal

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57
Q

_ are interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules

A

capillary beds

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58
Q

_ is the flow of blood through capillary bed (from arteriole to venule)

A

microcirculation

59
Q

_ arterioles branch off of the arteriole (into 10-20 capillaries) that form the capillary bed

A

terminal

60
Q

capillaries are called _ vessels because they exchange gasses, nutrients, and waste from surrounding tissues

A

exchange

61
Q

_ venules (smallest venules) are where the capillary drains into

A

postcapillary

62
Q

_ is a central blood-containing space

A

lumen

63
Q

_ are blood vessels that branch from smallest arterioles and collect with capillary bed

A

metarterioles

64
Q

_ is a channel directly connecting arteriole with venule

A

vascular shunt

65
Q

the vascular shunt bypasses _ capillaries

A

true

66
Q

_ capillaries branch from arterioles and provide exchange between tissue and capillary blood

A

true

67
Q

_ are cuffs of smooth muscle surrounding each true capillary that branch off metarteriole

A

precapillary sphincter(s)

68
Q

precapillary sphincter acts as a _ since it regulates blood flow into capillary bed

A

valve

69
Q

_ consists of the metarteriole and true capillaries

A

vascular shunt

70
Q

_ in capillaries are controlled by local chemical conditions and does not have nerves

A

precapillary sphincter

71
Q

_ is the volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given time period

A

blood flow

72
Q

blood flow is measured in _

A

ml/min

73
Q

veins have _ blood pressure than arteries

A

lower

74
Q

veins have _-diameter lumens (little resistance)

A

large

75
Q

_ are small veins

A

venules

76
Q

veins are also called _ (blood reservoirs) since they contain up to 65% blood supply

A

capacitance vessels

77
Q

venous _ (most abundant in limbs) prevent backflow of blood

A

valves

78
Q

venous _ are flattened veins with very thin walls

A

sinuses

79
Q

venous sinuses (e.g., coronary sinus or dural sinuses) are only made of _

A

endothelium

80
Q

_ veins are dilated, painful veins caused by incompetent (leaky) valves

A

varicose

81
Q

_ are varicosities in anal veins

A

hemorrhoids

82
Q

_ are interconnections of blood vessels

A

[vascular] anastomoses

83
Q

_ anastomoses provide alternate pathways to ensure continuous flow even if an artery is blocked

A

arterial

84
Q

alternate pathways in arterial anastomoses are called _

A

collateral channels

85
Q

_ anastomoses are common in joints, abdominal organs, brain, and heart

A

arterial

86
Q

_ anastomoses are shunts in capillaries

A

arteriovenous

87
Q

_ anastomoses are very abundant; occluded veins rarely block blood flow

A

venous

88
Q

_ is the force per unit area exerted by blood on wall of blood vessels

A

blood pressure

89
Q

blood pressure is measured in _

A

mmHg

90
Q

_ has 3 important sourceS: blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter

A

resistance (peripheral resistance)

91
Q

blood _ is the thickness (stickiness) of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins

A

viscosity

92
Q

increased viscosity leads to _ resistance

A

increased

93
Q

the longer the vessel, the _ the resistance

A

greater

94
Q

blood vessel diameter has _ effect on resistance

A

greatest

95
Q

_ is the compliance-distensibility of arteries near heart

A

elasticity

96
Q

distensibility, or the ability to expand and contract, is also called _

A

compliance

97
Q

_ means something rises and falls with each heartbeat

A

pulsatile

98
Q

_ is pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

A

systolic pressure

99
Q

_ is lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest

A

diastolic pressure

100
Q

_ is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

101
Q

_ is the throbbing of arteries because of the difference in pulse pressures

A

pulse

102
Q

_ can be felt under skin

A

pulse

103
Q

_ is pressure that propels blood to tissues

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

104
Q

_ include pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature

A

vital signs

105
Q

_ pulse is taken at the wrist (most routinely used)

A

radial

106
Q

_ are the sounds heard when cuff pressure is reduced

A

sounds of Kortkoff

107
Q

_ (contraction of skeletal muscles ‘milk’ blood back toward heart) prevent backflow

A

muscular pump

108
Q

_ (pressure changes in breathing move blood to heart) abdominal veins are squeezed as thoracic veins expand

A

respiratory pump

109
Q

_ (under sympathetic control) pushes blood back toward heart

A

sympathetic vasoconstriction

110
Q

_ (sensory nerves that end in the walls of carotid sinus or aortic arch) are sensitive to vessel stretching, pressure

A

baroreceptors

111
Q

respond to chemical stimuli

A

chemoreceptors

112
Q

the _ center of the medulla are cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory

A

cardiovascular

113
Q

the _ center sends steady impulses through vasomotor fibers to blood vessels

A

vasomotor

114
Q

vasomotor fibers are _

A

sympathetic efferents

115
Q

_ are continuous, moderate constriction caused by the vasomotor center

A

vasomotor tone

116
Q

the _ center in the medulla is made of clusters of sympathetic neurons

A

cardiovascular

117
Q

_ and _ are hormones from the adrenal medulla , and increases CO and vasoconstriction

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

118
Q

_ (hormone) stimulates vasoconstriction

A

angiotensin II

119
Q

high levels of _ can cause vasoconstriction

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

120
Q

_ from the heart decreases blood pressure by antagonizing aldosterone; decreases blood volume

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

121
Q

_ is a sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher

A

hypertension

122
Q

_ is when BP values are elevated, but not yet in the hypertension range

A

prehypertension

123
Q

_ is consistently low blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg or lower

A

hypotension

124
Q

_ hypotension is temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting-reclining position

A

orthostatic

125
Q

_ hypotension is a hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease, or hypothyroidism

A

chronic

126
Q

_ hypotension is an important sign of circulatory shock

A

acute

127
Q

_ is a condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally (cannot meet tissue needs)

A

circulatory shock

128
Q

_ shock is caused by large-scale blood loss

A

hypovolemic

129
Q

_ shock is caused by extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

A

vascular

130
Q

_ shock is inefficient heart not pumping enough blood

A

cardiogenic

131
Q

_ is the act of forcing blood to flow through a lumen or a vascular bed

A

perfusion

132
Q

_ is the blood flow through body tissues involved in gas exchange, nutrient absorption, urine formation, and O2 delivery

A

tissue perfusion

133
Q

_ is the intermittent flow of blood through capillaries caused by on and off opening-closing of precapillary sphincters

A

vasomotion

134
Q

_ (between blood and interstitial fluid) is the movement down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

135
Q

_ pressure is a force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall (e.g., capillary and interstitial fluid)

A

hydrostatic

136
Q

_ pressure is created in fluid by a large nondiffusable molecule (e.g., capillary and interstitial fluid)

A

colloid

137
Q

an _ is an abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid

A

edema

138
Q

_ is low level of plasma proteins caused by malnutrition, liver disease, or glomerulonephritis

A

hypoproteinemia

139
Q

_ is caused by excess interstitial fluid in the subcutaneous tissues

A

pitting edema

140
Q

_ circulation (in the vascular system) is a short loop that runs from heart to lungs, and back to heart

A

pulmonary

141
Q

_ circulation (in the vascular system) is a long loop to all parts of the body and back to heart

A

systemic

142
Q

_ are venous drainage systems in the brain

A

dural venous sinuses

143
Q

venous system if digestive system drains into _, then goes to the liver

A

hepatic portal system

a&p2 (12 decks)

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