Blood Vessels Flashcards
1
Q
_ are the delivery system of dynamic structures; begin and end at heart
A
blood vessels
2
Q
blood vessels work with the _ system to circulate fluids
A
lymphatic
3
Q
_ carry blood away from heart; _ carry blood toward heart
A
arteries; veins
4
Q
_ are oxygenated (except pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus)
A
arteries
5
Q
_ are deoxygenated (except pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus)
A
veins
6
Q
_ provide direct contact with tissue cells
A
capillaries
7
Q
capillaries directly serve _ needs
A
tissue
8
Q
_ vessels consist of lumen
A
all
9
Q
_ is the central blood-containing space surrounded by a wall
A
lumen
10
Q
_ are the layers of vessel walls
A
tunics
11
Q
tunica _ is the innermost layer; has ‘intimate’ contact with blood
A
intima
12
Q
the _ is simple squamous epithelium; lines lumen of all vessels
A
endothelium
13
Q
endothelium is continuous with _
A
endocardium
14
Q
endothelium’s slick surface _ friction
A
reduces
15
Q
the _ layer is a connective tissue basement membrane
A
subendothelial
16
Q
tunica _ is the middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastin sheets
A
media
17
Q
_ is decreased lumen diameter; _ is increased lumen diameter
A
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
18
Q
tunica _ is bulkiest since it maintains blood flow and pressure
A
media
19
Q
tunica _ is the outermost layer of wall, made mostly of loose collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels
A
externa (adventitia)
20
Q
tunica externa is also called tunica _
A
adventitia
21
Q
_ is a system of tiny blood vessels in larger vessels
A
vasa vasorum
22
Q
vasa vasorum functions to nourish _ layer
A
outermost
23
Q
_ arteries are thick-walled
A
elastic
24
Q
elastic arteries have large, _-resistance lumen
A
low
25
elastic arteries give rise to _ arteries
muscular
26
elastic arteries are also called _ arteries (conduct blood from heart to medium-sized vessels)
conducting
27
muscular arteries are also called _ arteries (deliver blood to body organs)
distributing
28
muscular arteries have the _ tunica media
thickest
29
_ control flow into capillary beds [vasodilation-vasoconstriction of smooth muscle]
arterioles
30
arterioles are the _ of all arteries
smallest
31
arterioles are also called _ arteries (changing diameters changes resistance to blood flow)
resistance
32
_ is the volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or circulation in given period
blood flow
33
blood flow is measured in _
ml/min
34
overall blood flow is relatively _ at rest (varies at organs based on needs)
constant
35
_ is the force per unit area exerted on blood vessel wall by blood
blood pressure
36
blood pressure is expressed in _
mmHg
37
blood pressure is measured as _ arterial BP (large arteries near heart)
systemic
38
the _ (in BP) provides driving force that keeps blood flowing from higher to lower pressure areas
pressure gradient
39
_ is opposition to flow
resistance (peripheral resistance)
40
resistance measures amount of _ with blood vessel walls
friction
41
_ are spider-shaped stem cells
pericytes
42
_ help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability, and have a role in vessel repair
pericytes
43
_, or gaps, in capillary endothelial cells allow passage of fluids and small solutes
intercellular clefts
44
_ are areas where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly bound (impermeable barrier)
tight junctions
45
_ capillaries form the blood brain barrier (totally enclosed with tight junctions; no intercellular clefts)
continuous
46
_ capillaries are abundant in skin, lungs, muscles, and CNS
continuous
47
continuous capillaries are the _ permeable
least
48
_ is what allows materials to pass through
permeability
49
_ capillaries allow for increased permeability (large pores) and made of endothelial cells with fenestrations
fenestrated
50
_ are covered with thin glycoprotein diaphragm
fenestrations
51
_ capillaries are found in areas with active filtration (kidneys), absorption (intestine), or endocrine hormone secretion
fenestrated
52
_ capillaries contain macrophages in lining (capture-destroy foreign invaders)
sinusoidal
53
_ capillaries have less tight junctions and larger intercellular clefts (incomplete basement membranes)
sinusoidal
54
sinusoidal capillaries have _ lumen
larger
55
blood flow in sinusoidal capillaries is _: allows time for modification of large molecules and blood cells passing between blood-tissue
sluggish
56
_ capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla
sinusoidal
57
_ are interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules
capillary beds
58
_ is the flow of blood through capillary bed (from arteriole to venule)
microcirculation
59
_ arterioles branch off of the arteriole (into 10-20 capillaries) that form the capillary bed
terminal
60
capillaries are called _ vessels because they exchange gasses, nutrients, and waste from surrounding tissues
exchange
61
_ venules (smallest venules) are where the capillary drains into
postcapillary
62
_ is a central blood-containing space
lumen
63
_ are blood vessels that branch from smallest arterioles and collect with capillary bed
metarterioles
64
_ is a channel directly connecting arteriole with venule
vascular shunt
65
the vascular shunt bypasses _ capillaries
true
66
_ capillaries branch from arterioles and provide exchange between tissue and capillary blood
true
67
_ are cuffs of smooth muscle surrounding each true capillary that branch off metarteriole
precapillary sphincter(s)
68
precapillary sphincter acts as a _ since it regulates blood flow into capillary bed
valve
69
_ consists of the metarteriole and true capillaries
vascular shunt
70
_ in capillaries are controlled by local chemical conditions and does not have nerves
precapillary sphincter
71
_ is the volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given time period
blood flow
72
blood flow is measured in _
ml/min
73
veins have _ blood pressure than arteries
lower
74
veins have _-diameter lumens (little resistance)
large
75
_ are small veins
venules
76
veins are also called _ (blood reservoirs) since they contain up to 65% blood supply
capacitance vessels
77
venous _ (most abundant in limbs) prevent backflow of blood
valves
78
venous _ are flattened veins with very thin walls
sinuses
79
venous sinuses (e.g., coronary sinus or dural sinuses) are only made of _
endothelium
80
_ veins are dilated, painful veins caused by incompetent (leaky) valves
varicose
81
_ are varicosities in anal veins
hemorrhoids
82
_ are interconnections of blood vessels
[vascular] anastomoses
83
_ anastomoses provide alternate pathways to ensure continuous flow even if an artery is blocked
arterial
84
alternate pathways in arterial anastomoses are called _
collateral channels
85
_ anastomoses are common in joints, abdominal organs, brain, and heart
arterial
86
_ anastomoses are shunts in capillaries
arteriovenous
87
_ anastomoses are very abundant; occluded veins rarely block blood flow
venous
88
_ is the force per unit area exerted by blood on wall of blood vessels
blood pressure
89
blood pressure is measured in _
mmHg
90
_ has 3 important sourceS: blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter
resistance (peripheral resistance)
91
blood _ is the thickness (stickiness) of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins
viscosity
92
increased viscosity leads to _ resistance
increased
93
the longer the vessel, the _ the resistance
greater
94
blood vessel diameter has _ effect on resistance
greatest
95
_ is the compliance-distensibility of arteries near heart
elasticity
96
distensibility, or the ability to expand and contract, is also called _
compliance
97
_ means something rises and falls with each heartbeat
pulsatile
98
_ is pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
systolic pressure
99
_ is lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
diastolic pressure
100
_ is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
101
_ is the throbbing of arteries because of the difference in pulse pressures
pulse
102
_ can be felt under skin
pulse
103
_ is pressure that propels blood to tissues
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
104
_ include pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature
vital signs
105
_ pulse is taken at the wrist (most routinely used)
radial
106
_ are the sounds heard when cuff pressure is reduced
sounds of Kortkoff
107
_ (contraction of skeletal muscles 'milk' blood back toward heart) prevent backflow
muscular pump
108
_ (pressure changes in breathing move blood to heart) abdominal veins are squeezed as thoracic veins expand
respiratory pump
109
_ (under sympathetic control) pushes blood back toward heart
sympathetic vasoconstriction
110
_ (sensory nerves that end in the walls of carotid sinus or aortic arch) are sensitive to vessel stretching, pressure
baroreceptors
111
respond to chemical stimuli
chemoreceptors
112
the _ center of the medulla are cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory
cardiovascular
113
the _ center sends steady impulses through vasomotor fibers to blood vessels
vasomotor
114
vasomotor fibers are _
sympathetic efferents
115
_ are continuous, moderate constriction caused by the vasomotor center
vasomotor tone
116
the _ center in the medulla is made of clusters of sympathetic neurons
cardiovascular
117
_ and _ are hormones from the adrenal medulla , and increases CO and vasoconstriction
epinephrine; norepinephrine
118
_ (hormone) stimulates vasoconstriction
angiotensin II
119
high levels of _ can cause vasoconstriction
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
120
_ from the heart decreases blood pressure by antagonizing aldosterone; decreases blood volume
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
121
_ is a sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher
hypertension
122
_ is when BP values are elevated, but not yet in the hypertension range
prehypertension
123
_ is consistently low blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg or lower
hypotension
124
_ hypotension is temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting-reclining position
orthostatic
125
_ hypotension is a hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease, or hypothyroidism
chronic
126
_ hypotension is an important sign of circulatory shock
acute
127
_ is a condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally (cannot meet tissue needs)
circulatory shock
128
_ shock is caused by large-scale blood loss
hypovolemic
129
_ shock is caused by extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
vascular
130
_ shock is inefficient heart not pumping enough blood
cardiogenic
131
_ is the act of forcing blood to flow through a lumen or a vascular bed
perfusion
132
_ is the blood flow through body tissues involved in gas exchange, nutrient absorption, urine formation, and O2 delivery
tissue perfusion
133
_ is the intermittent flow of blood through capillaries caused by on and off opening-closing of precapillary sphincters
vasomotion
134
_ (between blood and interstitial fluid) is the movement down a concentration gradient
diffusion
135
_ pressure is a force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall (e.g., capillary and interstitial fluid)
hydrostatic
136
_ pressure is created in fluid by a large nondiffusable molecule (e.g., capillary and interstitial fluid)
colloid
137
an _ is an abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid
edema
138
_ is low level of plasma proteins caused by malnutrition, liver disease, or glomerulonephritis
hypoproteinemia
139
_ is caused by excess interstitial fluid in the subcutaneous tissues
pitting edema
140
_ circulation (in the vascular system) is a short loop that runs from heart to lungs, and back to heart
pulmonary
141
_ circulation (in the vascular system) is a long loop to all parts of the body and back to heart
systemic
142
_ are venous drainage systems in the brain
dural venous sinuses
143
venous system if digestive system drains into _, then goes to the liver
hepatic portal system
