Endocrine System Flashcards by lore v.

the _ acts with nervous system to coordinate-integrate cell activity; includes hormones and endocrine organs

endocrine system

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_ produce non-hormonal substances; have ducts which carry secretion to membranous surfaces

exocrine glands

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_ produce hormones and lack ducts; release hormones outside cell and into bloodstream

endocrine glands

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a _ organ is an organ with neural functions and releases hormones (e.g., hypothalamus)

neuroendocrine

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a _ is a long-distance chemical signal picked up by lymphatic system and carried throughout body

hormone

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hormones act as _ to regulate body function

second messengers

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_ exert effects on same cells that secrete them (not picked up by blood)

autocrines

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_ act locally and affect cells other than those that released them

paracrines

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paracrines and autocrines are not considered part of _

endocrine system

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_ are tissues with receptors for specific hormone(s)

target cells

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_ hormones act on intra-cellular receptors; pass through plasma membrane to directly activate genes

lipid-soluble

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_ hormones do not diffused across plasma membrane; exert effects outside cell using PM receptors

water-soluble

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water-soluble hormones act through _ second messengers

G protein

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_ measures ability of ions-molecules to pass through membrane

permeability

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the _ is important for controlling electrical potential to pass through membrane

ion channel

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the _ forms basic ‘fabric’ of cell membrane; constructed mostly of phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

phospholipid bilayer

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phospholipid bilayer has _ (polar) heads and _ (nonpolar) tails

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

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_ transfers genetic information from DNA to complementary sequence in mRNA

transcription

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_ transfers genetic information from mRNA to make specific proteins

translation

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in _, increased hormone levels inhibit further hormone release

negative feedback

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negative feedback is _ common homeostatic control mechanism

most

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_ is when target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

up regulation

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_ is when target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels

down regulation

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_ is the time required for hormone level in blood to decrease by half

half life

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_ is when one hormone cannot do its job unless another hormone is present

permissiveness

_ is when one or more hormones produce the same effects on the target cell (causes amplification)

synergism

_ is when one or more hormones produce the opposite effects

antagonism

_ is the region of diencephalon that forms floor of third ventricle in brain

hypothalamus

hypothalamus is connected to _ through infundibulum

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

_ produces most hormones released by posterior pituitary gland

hypothalamus

_ is a neuroendocrine gland beneath the brain and has two major lobes - anterior and posterior

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

the _ regulates gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, lactation, and water balance

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

_ is a stalk of tissue that connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

infundibulum

_ are nerve bundles running through infundibulum

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract maintains _ connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

neural

_ is a hormone produced by hypothalamus, secreted by posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection

oxytocin

oxytocin is a neurotransmitter; uses _ second messenger system

PIP2-calcium

_ is a hormone produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary; stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys to reduce urine volume

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

_ is triggered by pain, low BP, and drugs/inhibited by alcohol and diuretics

ADH

ADH is also called _

vasopressin

vasopressin can cause _

vasoconstriction

_ is when increased hormone levels cause more hormone to be released

positive feedback

oxytocin presents _ feedback mechanism

positive

_ is a disease characterized by ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

diabetes insipidus

_ can cause intense thirst and dehydration

diabetes insipidus

_ is a group of disorders with excessive ADH secretion (hypersecretion), usually caused by cancer cells

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretion

_ causes fluid retention and weight gain, and concentrated urine; treatment = restricted water intake

SIADH

_ is produced in anterior pituitary, stimulates growth

growth hormone (GH)

GH is also called _ since it is formed by somatotropic cells

somatotropin

GH can be triggered by _

ghrelin

_ is glucose conservation through non-carbohydrate fuel (when body goes through long periods without food)

glucose sparing

_ is usually an antibody; antagonizes effects of insulin

anti-insulin

_ stimulates GH release

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

GHRH is triggered by _ GH and glucose, and _ amino acid levels

low; high

_ inhibits GH release

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

GHIH is triggered by _ in GH and IGF hormones

increase

_ is caused by GH hypersecretion in children; abnormally tall but normal proportions

gigantism

_ is caused by GH hypersecretion in adults; causes enlarged extremities

acromegaly

_ is caused by GH hyposecretion in children; usually proportionate body, won’t reach sexual maturity

pituitary dwarfism

_ is a hormone produced by anterior pituitary; regulates thyroid hormone secretion

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH is also called _

thyrotropin

TSH is triggered by _ from hypothalamus

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH is inhibited by _ thyroid hormones and GHIH

increased

_ in anterior pituitary release TSH

thyrotropic cells

_ influences activity of adrenal cortex; stimulates corticosteroid release

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ACTH is also called _

corticotropin

ACTH is secreted by _

corticotropic cells

ACTH is pre-cursor to | _

pro-opiomelanocortin

_ release altered by fever, hypoglycemia,stressors

ACTH

ACTH released by _ in hypothalamus (daily rhythm

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

CRH levels are _ in morning

higher

_ are gonad-stimulating hormones produced by anterior pituitary

gonadotropins

_ (gonadotropin); stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

_ (gonadotropin_; aids cell maturation / ovulation in females, testosterone production in males

luteinizing hormone (LH)

FSH and LH are _ before puberty

absent

gonadotropins are triggered by _

gonadotropin regulating hormone (GnRH)

_ is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production

prolactin (PRL)

prolactin is secreted by _

prolactin cells

prolactin is controlled by _ (aka dopamine)

prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

PIH _ causes lactation

decrease

prolactin is _ by estrogen and suckling

stimulated

_ (hypersecretion of prolactin); caused by tumors

hyperprolactinemia

hyperprolactinemia can lead to lack of menses, _ in women, and _ in men

infertility; impotence

_ is a major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles

thyroid hormone (TH)

two major forms of TH are _ and _

thyroxine (T4); triiodothyronine (T3)

T4 is major form; has two tyrosine molecules and _ bound iodine atoms

four

T3 has two tyrosine molecules and _ bound iodine atoms

three

T3 converted to T4 at _ level

tissue

_ affects virtually every cell in body

_ binds to intracellular receptors in nucleus (triggers transcription of metabolic genes), regulates tissue growth-development, maintains BP

T4 and T3 transported by _

thyrosine binding globulins (TBG)

T3 is 10x _ active than T4

_ tissues have enzyme to convert T4 to T3 (remove iodine)

peripheral

TH is regulated by _ feedback

negative

TH decrease causes TSH _

release

TH increase causes TSH _

inhibition

_ can overcome negative feedback during pregnancy or cold

thyrotropin regulating hormone (TRH)

_ (mucous swelling); severe hypothyroidism in adults - low metabolic rate, thick dry skin, puffy eyes, chills, constipation, edema, lethargy, mental slugishness

myxedema

_ is an enlarged thyroid gland caused by hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency - TSH triggered, synthesizes too much thyroglobulin)

goiter

_ is hypothyroidism in infants; cause intellectual disabilities, short and disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck

cretinism

_ (hyperthyroidism) causes autoimmune disease or antibodies against thyroid follicular cells; causes high metabolism, sweating, irregular heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, exopthalmos

graves disease

_ is a hormone released by thyroid gland in response to high blood Ca2+

calcitonin

_ is antagonist to PTH

calcitonin

_ (neuroendocrine cells in thyroid) release calcitonin

parafollicular cells

_ regulate blood Ca2+ level (inc when low, dec when high)

PTH

_ are secreted by parathyroid cells (target kidney, skeleton, and intestines)

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

_ is excess PTH caused by parathyroid gland tumor; calcium leaches from bones and makes bones soft and deformed

hyperparathyroidism

elevated Ca2+ in hyperparathyroidism depress NS and cause _

kidney stones

_ is severe hyperparathyroidism; bones look moth eaten and fracture easily

osteitis fibrosa cystica

_ is PTH deficiency from parathyroid gland trauma/surgery; cause hypocalcemia

hypoparathyroidism

_ is hypersecretion of aldosterone due to adrenal tumor

aldosteronism

_ can cause hypertension and edema (excess Na+, efflux K+) leads to nonresponsive neuron/muscle

aldosteronism

_ is hypercortisolism due to tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, adrenal cortex

cushing's syndrome

_ can cause moon face, buffalo hump; depresses cartilage-bone formation and immune system

cushing's syndrome

_ is hypocortisolism due to aldosterone deficiency; decreases glucose and Na+

addison's disease

_ hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids; masculinization

adrenogenital syndrome

_ (excess insulin secretion) causes low blood glucose levels, hypoglycemia

hyperinsulinism

_ hypoglycemic hormone; decreases blood glucose (synthesized as proinsulin)

insulin

_ hyperglycemic hormone; increases blood glucose

glucagon

_ are diseases caused by insufficient insulin release-resistance; leads to body cells being unable to use carbohydrates

diabetes mellitus (DM)