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A&P2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the _ acts with nervous system to coordinate-integrate cell activity; includes hormones and endocrine organs

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

_ produce non-hormonal substances; have ducts which carry secretion to membranous surfaces

A

exocrine glands

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3
Q

_ produce hormones and lack ducts; release hormones outside cell and into bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

a _ organ is an organ with neural functions and releases hormones (e.g., hypothalamus)

A

neuroendocrine

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5
Q

a _ is a long-distance chemical signal picked up by lymphatic system and carried throughout body

A

hormone

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6
Q

hormones act as _ to regulate body function

A

second messengers

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7
Q

_ exert effects on same cells that secrete them (not picked up by blood)

A

autocrines

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8
Q

_ act locally and affect cells other than those that released them

A

paracrines

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9
Q

paracrines and autocrines are not considered part of _

A

endocrine system

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10
Q

_ are tissues with receptors for specific hormone(s)

A

target cells

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11
Q

_ hormones act on intra-cellular receptors; pass through plasma membrane to directly activate genes

A

lipid-soluble

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12
Q

_ hormones do not diffused across plasma membrane; exert effects outside cell using PM receptors

A

water-soluble

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13
Q

water-soluble hormones act through _ second messengers

A

G protein

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14
Q

_ measures ability of ions-molecules to pass through membrane

A

permeability

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15
Q

the _ is important for controlling electrical potential to pass through membrane

A

ion channel

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16
Q

the _ forms basic ‘fabric’ of cell membrane; constructed mostly of phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

A

phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

phospholipid bilayer has _ (polar) heads and _ (nonpolar) tails

A

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

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18
Q

_ transfers genetic information from DNA to complementary sequence in mRNA

A

transcription

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19
Q

_ transfers genetic information from mRNA to make specific proteins

A

translation

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20
Q

in _, increased hormone levels inhibit further hormone release

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

negative feedback is _ common homeostatic control mechanism

A

most

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22
Q

_ is when target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

A

up regulation

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23
Q

_ is when target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels

A

down regulation

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24
Q

_ is the time required for hormone level in blood to decrease by half

A

half life

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25
Q

_ is when one hormone cannot do its job unless another hormone is present

A

permissiveness

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26
Q

_ is when one or more hormones produce the same effects on the target cell (causes amplification)

A

synergism

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27
Q

_ is when one or more hormones produce the opposite effects

A

antagonism

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28
Q

_ is the region of diencephalon that forms floor of third ventricle in brain

A

hypothalamus

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29
Q

hypothalamus is connected to _ through infundibulum

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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30
Q

_ produces most hormones released by posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

_ is a neuroendocrine gland beneath the brain and has two major lobes - anterior and posterior

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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32
Q

the _ regulates gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, lactation, and water balance

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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33
Q

_ is a stalk of tissue that connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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34
Q

_ are nerve bundles running through infundibulum

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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35
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract maintains _ connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

neural

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36
Q

_ is a hormone produced by hypothalamus, secreted by posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection

A

oxytocin

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37
Q

oxytocin is a neurotransmitter; uses _ second messenger system

A

PIP2-calcium

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38
Q

_ is a hormone produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary; stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys to reduce urine volume

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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39
Q

_ is triggered by pain, low BP, and drugs/inhibited by alcohol and diuretics

A

ADH

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40
Q

ADH is also called _

A

vasopressin

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41
Q

vasopressin can cause _

A

vasoconstriction

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42
Q

_ is when increased hormone levels cause more hormone to be released

A

positive feedback

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43
Q

oxytocin presents _ feedback mechanism

A

positive

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44
Q

_ is a disease characterized by ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

A

diabetes insipidus

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45
Q

_ can cause intense thirst and dehydration

A

diabetes insipidus

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46
Q

_ is a group of disorders with excessive ADH secretion (hypersecretion), usually caused by cancer cells

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretion

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47
Q

_ causes fluid retention and weight gain, and concentrated urine; treatment = restricted water intake

A

SIADH

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48
Q

_ is produced in anterior pituitary, stimulates growth

A

growth hormone (GH)

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49
Q

GH is also called _ since it is formed by somatotropic cells

A

somatotropin

50
Q

GH can be triggered by _

A

ghrelin

51
Q

_ is glucose conservation through non-carbohydrate fuel (when body goes through long periods without food)

A

glucose sparing

52
Q

_ is usually an antibody; antagonizes effects of insulin

A

anti-insulin

53
Q

_ stimulates GH release

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

54
Q

GHRH is triggered by _ GH and glucose, and _ amino acid levels

A

low; high

55
Q

_ inhibits GH release

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

56
Q

GHIH is triggered by _ in GH and IGF hormones

A

increase

57
Q

_ is caused by GH hypersecretion in children; abnormally tall but normal proportions

A

gigantism

58
Q

_ is caused by GH hypersecretion in adults; causes enlarged extremities

A

acromegaly

59
Q

_ is caused by GH hyposecretion in children; usually proportionate body, won’t reach sexual maturity

A

pituitary dwarfism

60
Q

_ is a hormone produced by anterior pituitary; regulates thyroid hormone secretion

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

61
Q

TSH is also called _

A

thyrotropin

62
Q

TSH is triggered by _ from hypothalamus

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

63
Q

TSH is inhibited by _ thyroid hormones and GHIH

A

increased

64
Q

_ in anterior pituitary release TSH

A

thyrotropic cells

65
Q

_ influences activity of adrenal cortex; stimulates corticosteroid release

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

66
Q

ACTH is also called _

A

corticotropin

67
Q

ACTH is secreted by _

A

corticotropic cells

68
Q

ACTH is pre-cursor to

_

A

pro-opiomelanocortin

69
Q

_ release altered by fever, hypoglycemia,stressors

A

ACTH

70
Q

ACTH released by _ in hypothalamus (daily rhythm

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

71
Q

CRH levels are _ in morning

A

higher

72
Q

_ are gonad-stimulating hormones produced by anterior pituitary

A

gonadotropins

73
Q

_ (gonadotropin); stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

74
Q

_ (gonadotropin_; aids cell maturation / ovulation in females, testosterone production in males

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

75
Q

FSH and LH are _ before puberty

A

absent

76
Q

gonadotropins are triggered by _

A

gonadotropin regulating hormone (GnRH)

77
Q

_ is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production

A

prolactin (PRL)

78
Q

prolactin is secreted by _

A

prolactin cells

79
Q

prolactin is controlled by _ (aka dopamine)

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

80
Q

PIH _ causes lactation

A

decrease

81
Q

prolactin is _ by estrogen and suckling

A

stimulated

82
Q

_ (hypersecretion of prolactin); caused by tumors

A

hyperprolactinemia

83
Q

hyperprolactinemia can lead to lack of menses, _ in women, and _ in men

A

infertility; impotence

84
Q

_ is a major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles

A

thyroid hormone (TH)

85
Q

two major forms of TH are _ and _

A

thyroxine (T4); triiodothyronine (T3)

86
Q

T4 is major form; has two tyrosine molecules and _ bound iodine atoms

A

four

87
Q

T3 has two tyrosine molecules and _ bound iodine atoms

A

three

88
Q

T3 converted to T4 at _ level

A

tissue

89
Q

_ affects virtually every cell in body

A

TH

90
Q

_ binds to intracellular receptors in nucleus (triggers transcription of metabolic genes), regulates tissue growth-development, maintains BP

A

TH

91
Q

T4 and T3 transported by _

A

thyrosine binding globulins (TBG)

92
Q

T3 is 10x _ active than T4

A

more

93
Q

_ tissues have enzyme to convert T4 to T3 (remove iodine)

A

peripheral

94
Q

TH is regulated by _ feedback

A

negative

95
Q

TH decrease causes TSH _

A

release

96
Q

TH increase causes TSH _

A

inhibition

97
Q

_ can overcome negative feedback during pregnancy or cold

A

thyrotropin regulating hormone (TRH)

98
Q

_ (mucous swelling); severe hypothyroidism in adults - low metabolic rate, thick dry skin, puffy eyes, chills, constipation, edema, lethargy, mental slugishness

A

myxedema

99
Q

_ is an enlarged thyroid gland caused by hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency - TSH triggered, synthesizes too much thyroglobulin)

A

goiter

100
Q

_ is hypothyroidism in infants; cause intellectual disabilities, short and disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck

A

cretinism

101
Q

_ (hyperthyroidism) causes autoimmune disease or antibodies against thyroid follicular cells; causes high metabolism, sweating, irregular heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, exopthalmos

A

graves disease

102
Q

_ is a hormone released by thyroid gland in response to high blood Ca2+

A

calcitonin

103
Q

_ is antagonist to PTH

A

calcitonin

104
Q

_ (neuroendocrine cells in thyroid) release calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells

105
Q

_ regulate blood Ca2+ level (inc when low, dec when high)

A

PTH

106
Q

_ are secreted by parathyroid cells (target kidney, skeleton, and intestines)

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

107
Q

_ is excess PTH caused by parathyroid gland tumor; calcium leaches from bones and makes bones soft and deformed

A

hyperparathyroidism

108
Q

elevated Ca2+ in hyperparathyroidism depress NS and cause _

A

kidney stones

109
Q

_ is severe hyperparathyroidism; bones look moth eaten and fracture easily

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica

110
Q

_ is PTH deficiency from parathyroid gland trauma/surgery; cause hypocalcemia

A

hypoparathyroidism

111
Q

_ is hypersecretion of aldosterone due to adrenal tumor

A

aldosteronism

112
Q

_ can cause hypertension and edema (excess Na+, efflux K+) leads to nonresponsive neuron/muscle

A

aldosteronism

113
Q

_ is hypercortisolism due to tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, adrenal cortex

A

cushing’s syndrome

114
Q

_ can cause moon face, buffalo hump; depresses cartilage-bone formation and immune system

A

cushing’s syndrome

115
Q

_ is hypocortisolism due to aldosterone deficiency; decreases glucose and Na+

A

addison’s disease

116
Q

_ hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids; masculinization

A

adrenogenital syndrome

117
Q

_ (excess insulin secretion) causes low blood glucose levels, hypoglycemia

A

hyperinsulinism

118
Q

_ hypoglycemic hormone; decreases blood glucose (synthesized as proinsulin)

A

insulin

119
Q

_ hyperglycemic hormone; increases blood glucose

A

glucagon

120
Q

_ are diseases caused by insufficient insulin release-resistance; leads to body cells being unable to use carbohydrates

A

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A&P2 (12 decks)

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