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A&P2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

_ is also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the gut

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

_ is a continuous muscular tube that opens to the outside at both ends; it digests food and absorbs nutrients

A

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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3
Q

_ assist in digestion, secrete chemicals and/or mechanically break down particles

A

accessory digestive organs

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4
Q

_ produce secretions to help breakdown foodstuffs (e.g., salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

A

digestive glands

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5
Q

_ = eating

A

ingestion

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6
Q

_ = movement of food through alimentary canal (i.e., swallowing and peristalsis)

A

propulsion

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7
Q

_ = major means of propulsion of food; alternating waves of contraction-relaxation in adjacent segments of alimentary canal organs

A

peristalsis

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8
Q

_ = local constriction of intestine to mix food with digestive juices; contraction-relaxation in nonadjacent segments of alimentary canal organs

A

segmentation

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9
Q

_ includes chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach, and segmentation

A

mechanical digestion

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10
Q

_ is a series of catabolic steps. involving enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks

A

digestion

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11
Q

_ is a passage of digestive fragments from GI tract lumen into blood/lymph

A

absorption

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12
Q

_ is the elimination of indigestible substances via anus (i.e., feces)

A

defecation

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13
Q

_ are serous membranes of abdominal cavity, consisting of the visceral and parietal peritoneum

A

peritoneum

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14
Q

_ is a membrane on external surface of most digestive organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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15
Q

_ is a membrane lining body wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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16
Q

_ is a fluid filled space between two peritoneums (the fluid is used to lubricate mobile organs)

A

peritoneal cavity

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17
Q

_ is a [fused] double-layer of peritoneum extending from body wall to digestive organs

A

mesentery

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18
Q

_ provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, stores fat, and holds organs in place

A

mesentery

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19
Q

_ organs are within peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal (peritoneal)

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20
Q

_ organs are outside/posterior to peritoneum (e.g., most of the pancreas, duodenum, and large intestine)

A

retroperitoneal

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21
Q

_ is inflammation of the peritoneum caused by piercing abdominal wounds, perforating ulcers, or ruptured appendix

A

peritonitis

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22
Q

_ lines lumen of alimentary canal; functions to secrete, absorb, and protect

A

mucosa

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23
Q

_ is made of areolar connective tissue, a lot of elastic tissues, and blood-lymphatic vessels/lymphoid follicles/nerve plexus to supply surrounding GI tract tissues

A

submucosa

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24
Q

_ is the muscular layer of alimentary canal responsible for peristalsis-segmentation

A

muscularis externa

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25
Q

_ (or visceral peritoneum) is the outermost layer of alimentary canal; adventitia in esophagus

A

serosa

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26
Q

_ is a blood-containing space

A

lumen

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27
Q

_ can include mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones

A

secretion

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28
Q

_ are the end products of digestion

A

absorption

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29
Q

_ is used against infectious disease

A

protection

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30
Q

_ in mucosa is made of areolar connective tissue, capillaries, and lymphoid follicles

A

lamina propria

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31
Q

_ include lymphoid follicles to defend against microorganisms

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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32
Q

_ is smooth muscle producing local movements of mucosa

A

muscularis mucosae

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33
Q

_ are thick, circular layers

A

sphincters

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34
Q

_ is a dense connective tissue holding the esophagus to surrounding structures

A

adventitia

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35
Q

_ are arteries branching off the aorta and serve digestive organs (e.g., hepatic, splenic, L. gastric, and mesenteric arteries)

A

splanchnic circulation

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36
Q

_ drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs for processing in the liver

A

hepatic portal circulation

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37
Q

_ is the nervous system of the GI tract, controlling motility

A

enteric nervous system (gut brain)

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38
Q

_ regulates glands and smooth muscle in mucosa

A

submucosal nerve plexus

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39
Q

_ controls GI tract motility

A

myenteric nerve plexus

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40
Q

enteric neurons have _ neurons than the spinal cord

A

more

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41
Q

_ are controlled by enteric nerve plexus to respond to GI tract stimuli

A

short reflexes

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42
Q

_ respond to stimuli inside/outside of gut (e.g., ANS - sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

long reflexes

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43
Q

_ (‘rest and digest’) enhances digestive processes

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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44
Q

_ (‘fight or flight’) inhibits digestion

A

sympathetic nervous system

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45
Q

_ involve short reflexes (i.e.,, enteric nervous system)

A

intrinsic controls

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46
Q

_ involve long reflexes (i.e.,, autonomic nervous system)

A

extrinsic controls

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47
Q

_ is bounded by lips (anterior), cheeks (lateral), palate (superior), and tongue (inferior)

A

buccal (oral) cavity

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48
Q

_ is the anterior opening of the mouth

A

oral orifice

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49
Q

_ are made of orbicularis oris muscle

A

labia (lips)

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50
Q

_ make up the cheeks

A

buccinator muscles

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51
Q

_ is recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth-gums

A

oral vestibule

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52
Q

_ of mouth lies within teeth-gums

A

oral cavity proper

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53
Q

_ is median attachment of each lip to gum

A

labial frenulum

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54
Q

_ is formed by palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae (has midline ridge, raphe)

A

hard palate

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55
Q

_ is a fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle

A

soft palate

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56
Q

fingerlike projection that faces downward from free edge of soft palate is _

A

uvula

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57
Q

_ occupies floor of mouth

A

tongue

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58
Q

_ gives tongue white appearance and roughness to provide friction; does not contain taste buds

A

filiform papillae

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59
Q

_ (mushroom shaped) scattered widely over tongue; vascular core causes red appearance

A

fungiform papillae

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60
Q

8–12 _ form V-shaped row in back of tongue

A

vallate (circumvallate) papillae

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61
Q

_ is on lateral aspects of posterior tongue

A

foliate papillae

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62
Q

_ (groove posterior to vallate papillae) marks division between body and root of tongue

A

terminal sulcus

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63
Q

_ (tongue) resides in oral cavity

A

body

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64
Q

_ (tongue) posterior third; resides in oropharynx

A

root

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65
Q

_ (congenital condition) children born with short lingual frenulum and causes distorted speech

A

ankyloglossia (tongue-tied)

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66
Q

_ (enzyme) breaks down starch

A

amylase

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67
Q

_ (outside oral cavity) produce most of saliva

A

major (extrinsic) salivary glands

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68
Q

_ (anterior to ear, exterior to masseter muscle) opens into vestibule next to second upper molar

A

parotid gland

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69
Q

_ (medial to manidle) opens at base of lingual frenulum

A

submandibular gland

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70
Q

_ (anterior to submandibular gland under tongue) 10-12 ducts in floor of mouth

A

sublingual gland

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71
Q

_ (scattered throughout oral cavity) make little saliva

A

minor salivary glands

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72
Q

_ (in parotid-submandibular glands) mostly secrete water, as well as enzymes, ions, and mucin

A

serous cells

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73
Q

_ (in sublingual glands) produce mucus

A

mucous cells

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74
Q

_ is when there’s too little saliva being made

A

xerostomia (dry mouth)

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75
Q

_ (autoimmune diseases) affects moisture-producing glands throughout body

A

sjögren’s syndrome

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76
Q

_ is the secretion of saliva

A

salivation

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77
Q

_ tears-grinds food into smaller pieces

A

mastication (chewing)

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78
Q

_ (in mandible-maxilla) house teeth

A

gomphoses

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79
Q

_ (teeth) erupt at 6-24months; 20 total

A

deciduous (milk, baby)

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80
Q

_ (teeth) erupt at 6-12years to end of adolescence; 32 total

A

permanent

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81
Q

_ (teeth) erupt at 17-25 years; may/may not emerge

A

wisdom (third molars)

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82
Q

_ are chisel-shaped; cut

A

incisors

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83
Q

_ are fanglike; tear-pierce

A

canines

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84
Q

_ have broad crowns and rounded cusps; grind-crush

A

premolars (bicuspids)

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85
Q

_ have broad crowns and rounded cusps [best grinders]; lock for crushing force

A

molars

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86
Q

_of tooth is the exposed part above gingiva; covered by enamel

A

crown

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87
Q

_ of tooth is embedded n jawbone

A

root

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88
Q

_ of tooth connects root to crown

A

neck

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89
Q

_ of tooth covers root

A

cement (cementum)

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90
Q

_ of tooth provides connective tissue; shock-absorption

A

peridontal ligament

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91
Q

_ is the space between gum and tooth

A

gingival sulcus

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92
Q

_ is the yellow tissue that makes up bulk of tooth

A

dentin

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93
Q

_ are the cells that form dentin

A

odontoblasts

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94
Q

_is surrounded by dentin

A

pulp cavity

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95
Q

_ is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves

A

pulp

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96
Q

_ is pulp cavity extending to root

A

root canal

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97
Q

_ (proximal end of root) provides entry for blood vessels, nerves

A

apical foramen

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98
Q

_ is a tooth trapped in jawbone

A

impacted tooth

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99
Q

_ are caused by demineralization of enamel-dentin via bacterial action

A

dental caries (cavities)

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100
Q

_ is a film (sugar, bacteria, debris) adhering to teeth

A

dental plaque

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101
Q

_ is inflammation of gums by anaerobic bacteria; calculus is formed

A

gingivitis

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102
Q

_ forms when plaque calcifies; disrupts seal between gums-teeth

A

calculus (tartar)

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103
Q

_ can occur if gingivitis is untreated; immune cells attack both invaders and own tissue

A

periodontitis (periodontal disease)

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104
Q

_ passes food to laryngopharynx

A

oropharynx

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105
Q

esophagus goes through diaphragm at _

A

esophageal hiatus

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106
Q

esophagus joins stomach at _

A

cardial orifice

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107
Q

_ (of esophagus) surrounds cardial orifice and keeps it closed when not swallowing

A

gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter

108
Q

_ (in submucosa) secrete mucus to help move bolus

A

esophageal glands

109
Q

_ is caused by stomach acid regurgitating into esophagus

A

heartburn

110
Q

heartburn is the first symptom of _

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

111
Q

_ is when part of stomach protrudes above diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia

112
Q

_ is inflammation of esophagus

A

esophagitis

113
Q

_ requires 22 muscles; involves a buccal phase and pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A

deglutition (swallowing)

114
Q

bolus is converted into _, a pastelike substance

A

chyme

115
Q

_ are stomach folds formed by mucosa; appear when empty

A

rugae

116
Q

_ (stomach) surrounds cardial orifice

A

cardial part (cardia)

117
Q

_ (stomach) dome-shaped; beneath diaphragm

A

fundus

118
Q

_ (stomach) is midportion

A

body

119
Q

_ (stomach) is continuous with duodenum via pyloric valve

A

pylorus

120
Q

_ (pylorus) narrows into pyloric canal

A

antrum

121
Q

_ termines in pylorus

A

pyloric canal

122
Q

_ (sphincter) controls stomach emptying

A

pyloric valve

123
Q

_ (stomach) convex, lateral surface

A

greater curvature

124
Q

_ (stomach) concave, medial surface

A

lesser curvature

125
Q

_ (stomach) runs from lesser curvature to liver

A

lesser omentum

126
Q

_ (stomach) drapes from greater curvature over intestine, spleen, transverse colon; contains fat, lymph nodes

A

greater omentum

127
Q

_ (mesentery) anchors large intestine to abdominal wall

A

mesocolon

128
Q

_ secrete thin, acidic mucus (unknown function)

A

mucous neck cells

129
Q

_ secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

130
Q

_ secrete pepsinogen and lipases

A

chief cells

131
Q

_ secrete chemical messengers (hormones, paracrines) into lamina propria

A

enteroendocrine cells

132
Q

_ is inflammation of stomach, caused by breach of mucosal barrier

A

gastritis

133
Q

_ cause erosions in stomach wall (mostly caused by H. pylori)

A

gastric (peptic) ulcers

134
Q

_ (only function of stomach essential to life) used for B12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

135
Q

_ varies based on life experience; triggered by aroma, sight, taste, thought of food

A

cephalic (reflex) phase

136
Q

_ releases 2/3 gastric juice; lasts 3-4h

A

gastric phase

137
Q

_ is brief stimulation followed by inhibition [of stomach]

A

intestinal phase

138
Q

_ (enteroendocrine cells) secrete gastric

A

G cells

139
Q

_ (mechanism of intestinal phase) neural control; duodenum inhibits acid secretion

A

enterogastric reflex

140
Q

_ (mechanism of intestinal phase) hormonal control; duodenal endocrine cells release secretin and CCK

A

enterogastrone

141
Q

_ is the increase of bicarbonate in blood leaving stomach

A

alkaline tide

142
Q

_ (reflex-mediated relaxation of smooth muscle) coordinated by swallowing center

A

receptive relaxation

143
Q

_ (intrinsic ability of smooth muscle to exhibit stress-relaxation) allows hollow organs to stretch without increasing tension-contraction

A

gastric accommodation

144
Q

_ is set by enteric pacemaker cells

A

basic electrical rhythm (BER)

145
Q

_ is peristaltic waves moving from fundus to pylorus

A

propulsion

146
Q

_ (most vigorous peristalsis) mixing action

A

grinding

147
Q

_ is when peristaltic waves force-close pyloric valve and forces contents backwards into stomach

A

retropulsion

148
Q

_ is caused by extreme stretching or intestinal irritants; signaled by emetic center (medulla)

A

emesis (vomiting)

149
Q

_ (yellow-green substance) emulsifies fat

A

bile

150
Q

_ stores bile

A

gallbladder

151
Q

_ separates right-left lobes of liver; suspends liver from diaphragm and abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

152
Q

_ is a remnant of fetal umbilical vein

A

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

153
Q

hepatic artery-vein enter liver at _

A

porta hepatis

154
Q

_ (duct) leaves liver

A

common hepatic

155
Q

_ (duct) connects to gallbladder

A

cystic

156
Q

_ (duct) unites common hepatic and cystic ducts

A

bile [duct]

157
Q

_ are hexagonal structural-functional units; made up of hepatocytes

A

liver lobules

158
Q

_ form hepatic plates and filter-process nutrient-rich blood

A

hepatocytes (liver cells)

159
Q

_ (liver lobule) is in longitudinal axis

A

central vein

160
Q

_ (liver) is in each corner of lobule

A

portal triad

161
Q

_ remove debris and old RBCs

A

stellate macrophages (hepatic macrophages)

162
Q

_ (cholesterol derivatives) function in fat emulsification-absorption

A

bile salts

163
Q

_ is a pigment from heme that makes feces brown; bacteria break down bile in intestine

A

bilirubin

164
Q

_ is the recycling mechanism to conserve bile salts

A

enterohepatic circulation

165
Q

_ is inflammation of liver caused by viral infection, drug toxicity, mushroom poisoning

A

hepatitis

166
Q

_ is a progressive inflammation of liver from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism

A

cirrhosis

167
Q

_ are caused by too much cholesterol or too little bile salts

A

gallstones (biliary calculi)

168
Q

_ caused by bile salts-pigments building up in blood; cause jaundice

A

obstructive jaundice

169
Q

_ are clusters of secretory cells produces by pancreas

A

acini

170
Q

acini produce _ with proenzymes

A

zygomen granules

171
Q

_ is an enzyme bound to plasma membrane of duodenal epithelial cells

A

enteropeptidase

172
Q

enteropeptidase activates a pancreatic protease, _, to form trypsin

A

trypsinogen

173
Q

_ activates trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen

A

trypsin

174
Q

_ forms active carboxypeptidase

A

procarboxypeptidase

175
Q

_ froms active chymotrypsin

A

chymotrypsinogen

176
Q

_ is formed by the fusion of bile-pancreatic ducts; bulblike

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

177
Q

ampulla opens into duodenum via _ - volcano-shaped structure

A

major duodenal papilla

178
Q

_ (small duct) empties into duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

179
Q

_ is major organ of digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

180
Q

small intestine ends at _ and joins large intestine)

A

ileocecal valve

181
Q

_ (retroperitoneal) first part of small intestine that curves around pancreas

A

duodenum

182
Q

_ is middle of small intestine that attaches via mesentery

A

jejunum

183
Q

_ is end of small intestine that attaches via mesentery; ends with ileocecal valve

A

ileum

184
Q

_ are permanent folds that allow more time for nutrient absorption; force chyme to go through lumen

A

circular folds

185
Q

_ are fingerlike projections of mucosa and contain lacteals

A

villi

186
Q

_ contain a brush border and its enzymes

A

microvilli

187
Q

_ are cells in villi and crypts

A

intestinal crypts

188
Q

_ make up most of epithelial cells; simple columnar absorptive cells bound by tight junctions, contain many microvilli

A

enterocytes

189
Q

_ are mucus-secreting cells in epithelia of villi-crypts

A

goblet cells

190
Q

_ produce enterogastrones and are scattered in villi

A

enteroendocrine cells

191
Q

_ secrete antimicrobial agents and are found deep in crypts

A

paneth cells

192
Q

_ continuously divide and produce other types of cells

A

stem cells

193
Q

_ protects intestines from microorganisms

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

194
Q

_ (aggregated lymphoid nodules) are found in lamina propria of small intestine

A

peyer’s patches

195
Q

_ secreted by plasma cells in lamina propria

A

IgA

196
Q

_ secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme

A

duodenal glands

197
Q

_ is secreted in response to distension-irritation of mucosa and stimulated by hypertonic-acidic chyme; mostly water and some mucus

A

intestinal juice

198
Q

_ are bound to plasma. membrane and responsible for final chyme digestion

A

brush border enzymes

199
Q

_ mixes-moves contents in small intestine toward ileocecal valve; initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells

A

segmentation

200
Q

_ is initiated by motilin increase

A

peristalsis

201
Q

_ (large intestine) three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

A

teniae coli

202
Q

_ (large intestine) pocketlike sacs caused by teniae coli tone

A

haustra

203
Q

_ (large intestine) fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

A

epiploic appendages

204
Q

_ is the first part of large intestine

A

cecum

205
Q

_ (MALT) is mass of lymphoid tissue; stores bacteria

A

appendix

206
Q

_ of large intestine has many [retroperitoneal] regions

A

colon

207
Q

_ travels up right side of abdominal cavity (up to kidney)

A

ascending colon

208
Q

ascending colon ends in _ (right angle turn)

A

right colic (hepatic) flexure

209
Q

_ travels across abdominal cavity

A

transverse colon

210
Q

colon ends in another right angle turn, _

A

left colic (splenic) fixture

211
Q

_ travels down left side of abdominal caivty

A

descending colon

212
Q

_ is S-shaped poriton of colon; travels through pelvis

A

sigmoid colon

213
Q

_ is made up of 3 rectal valves

A

rectum

214
Q

_ stop feces from being passes with gas

A

rectal valves

215
Q

_ include cecum, appendix, rectum, and most of colon (except transverse, sigmoid)

A

retroperitoneal

216
Q

_ are regions anchored to posterior abdominal wall

A

intraperitoneal

217
Q

_ are mesentery sheets that anchor intraperitoneal regions

A

mesocolons

218
Q

_ is [acute] inflammation of appendix; caused by fecal blockage

A

appendicitis

219
Q

_ are long rifges-folds of anal canal

A

anal columns

220
Q

_ [between anal columns] secrete mucus to empty anal canal

A

anal recesses

221
Q

_ is a horizontal line parallel to anal sinuses

A

pectinate line

222
Q

_ are inflamed superficial hemorrhoidal veins

A

hemorrhoids

223
Q

_ consist of 1000s of types of bacteria

A

bacterial flora

224
Q

_ is initiated by food in stomach

A

gastrocolic reflex

225
Q

_ in gastrocolin reflex are strong peristaltic waves activated 3-4x a day

A

mass movements

226
Q

_ are mucus herniations from low-fiber diet

A

diverticula

227
Q

_ is the presence of diverticula; most common in sigmoid colon

A

diverticulosis

228
Q

_ is inflammation of diverticula; can rupture into peritoneal cavity and may be life-threatening

A

diverticulitis

229
Q

_ is determined by recurring abdominal pain , stool changes, bloating, nausea, depression, gas

A

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

230
Q

_ are mass movements that force feces toward rectum

A

defecation

231
Q

_ (spinal reflex) triggered by distesion

A

defecation reflex

232
Q

_ is the closing of glottis; diaphragm contraction and abdominal wall muscles increase intra-abdominal pressure

A

valsalva’s maneuver

233
Q

_ (watery stools) large ingestine does not have enough time to absorb remaining water

A

diarrhea

234
Q

_ (hard stool) food remains in colon for too long and causes too much water to be absorbed

A

constipation

235
Q

_ is catabolic; macromolecules break down into monomers for absorption

A

digestion

236
Q

_ is when water is added to break chemical bonds; carried out by enzymes

A

hydrolysis

237
Q

_ is the process of moving substances from lumen to body

A

absorption

238
Q

_ absorbs polar molecules

A

active transport

239
Q

_ (single sugars) can be absorbed

A

monosaccharides

240
Q

_ are broken down into monosaccharides; begins in mouth via salivary amylase

A

polysaccharides

241
Q

_ breaks down starch to oligosaccharides and disaccharides

A

pancreatic amylase

242
Q

_ are made up of 3-10 saccharides

A

oligosaccharides

243
Q

_ is the enzyme for lactose digestion

A

lactase

244
Q

_ are broken down into lactose, glucose, sucrose

A

polysaccharides

245
Q

examples of _ include glucose, fructose, galactose

A

monosaccharides

246
Q

_ is caused by lactase deficiency, so lactose remains undigested

A

lactose intolerance

247
Q

_ are generated when proteins break small poylpeptides-peptides

A

amino acid monomers

248
Q

pepsinogen is converted to _ at low pH

A

pepsin

249
Q

_ and _ (pancreatic proteases) cleave proteins into smaller peptides

A

trypsin; chymotrypsin

250
Q

_ takes one amino acid off [from the end] at a time

A

carboxypeptidase

251
Q

_ break oligopepides-dipeptides into amino acids (e.g., aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase)

A

brush border enzymes

252
Q

amino acids are _ across apical membrane via secondary active transport carriers

A

co-transported

253
Q

amino acids exit across _ through facilitated diffusion

A

basolateral membrane

254
Q

_ is region of plasma membrane at apex

A

apical membrane

255
Q

_ is when fat globules are broken down into fat droplets to increase surface area to lipases

A

emulsification

256
Q

_ consist of fatty acids, monoglycerides, bile salts

A

micelle

257
Q

_ form when fatty acid and monoglycerides are recombined and packaged with other proteins and fatty substances

A

chylomicron

258
Q

_ break chylomicrons down into free fatty acids and glcyerol to be used by cells

A

lipoprotein lipases

259
Q

_ hydrolyze nucleic acid to nucleotide monomers

A

pancreatic nucleases

260
Q

_ vitamins (e.g., A, D, E, K) carried by micelles and diffuse into absorptive cells

A

fat-soluble

261
Q

_ vitamins (e.g., C, B) absorbed by diffusion or passive-active transport

A

water-soluble

262
Q

_ are stored in mucosal cells with ionic iron

A

ferritin

263
Q

_ transport iron-calcium in blood

A

transferrin

264
Q

_ is caused by anything interfering with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice

A

malabsorption

265
Q

_ (common malabsorption disease) immune reaction to gluten

A

gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease)

A&P2 (12 decks)

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