Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
_ is also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the gut
A
alimentary canal
2
Q
_ is a continuous muscular tube that opens to the outside at both ends; it digests food and absorbs nutrients
A
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
3
Q
_ assist in digestion, secrete chemicals and/or mechanically break down particles
A
accessory digestive organs
4
Q
_ produce secretions to help breakdown foodstuffs (e.g., salivary glands, liver, pancreas)
A
digestive glands
5
Q
_ = eating
A
ingestion
6
Q
_ = movement of food through alimentary canal (i.e., swallowing and peristalsis)
A
propulsion
7
Q
_ = major means of propulsion of food; alternating waves of contraction-relaxation in adjacent segments of alimentary canal organs
A
peristalsis
8
Q
_ = local constriction of intestine to mix food with digestive juices; contraction-relaxation in nonadjacent segments of alimentary canal organs
A
segmentation
9
Q
_ includes chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach, and segmentation
A
mechanical digestion
10
Q
_ is a series of catabolic steps. involving enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
A
digestion
11
Q
_ is a passage of digestive fragments from GI tract lumen into blood/lymph
A
absorption
12
Q
_ is the elimination of indigestible substances via anus (i.e., feces)
A
defecation
13
Q
_ are serous membranes of abdominal cavity, consisting of the visceral and parietal peritoneum
A
peritoneum
14
Q
_ is a membrane on external surface of most digestive organs
A
visceral peritoneum
15
Q
_ is a membrane lining body wall
A
parietal peritoneum
16
Q
_ is a fluid filled space between two peritoneums (the fluid is used to lubricate mobile organs)
A
peritoneal cavity
17
Q
_ is a [fused] double-layer of peritoneum extending from body wall to digestive organs
A
mesentery
18
Q
_ provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, stores fat, and holds organs in place
A
mesentery
19
Q
_ organs are within peritoneum
A
intraperitoneal (peritoneal)
20
Q
_ organs are outside/posterior to peritoneum (e.g., most of the pancreas, duodenum, and large intestine)
A
retroperitoneal
21
Q
_ is inflammation of the peritoneum caused by piercing abdominal wounds, perforating ulcers, or ruptured appendix
A
peritonitis
22
Q
_ lines lumen of alimentary canal; functions to secrete, absorb, and protect
A
mucosa
23
Q
_ is made of areolar connective tissue, a lot of elastic tissues, and blood-lymphatic vessels/lymphoid follicles/nerve plexus to supply surrounding GI tract tissues
A
submucosa
24
Q
_ is the muscular layer of alimentary canal responsible for peristalsis-segmentation
A
muscularis externa
25
_ (or visceral peritoneum) is the outermost layer of alimentary canal; adventitia in esophagus
serosa
26
_ is a blood-containing space
lumen
27
_ can include mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
secretion
28
_ are the end products of digestion
absorption
29
_ is used against infectious disease
protection
30
_ in mucosa is made of areolar connective tissue, capillaries, and lymphoid follicles
lamina propria
31
_ include lymphoid follicles to defend against microorganisms
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
32
_ is smooth muscle producing local movements of mucosa
muscularis mucosae
33
_ are thick, circular layers
sphincters
34
_ is a dense connective tissue holding the esophagus to surrounding structures
adventitia
35
_ are arteries branching off the aorta and serve digestive organs (e.g., hepatic, splenic, L. gastric, and mesenteric arteries)
splanchnic circulation
36
_ drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs for processing in the liver
hepatic portal circulation
37
_ is the nervous system of the GI tract, controlling motility
enteric nervous system (gut brain)
38
_ regulates glands and smooth muscle in mucosa
submucosal nerve plexus
39
_ controls GI tract motility
myenteric nerve plexus
40
enteric neurons have _ neurons than the spinal cord
more
41
_ are controlled by enteric nerve plexus to respond to GI tract stimuli
short reflexes
42
_ respond to stimuli inside/outside of gut (e.g., ANS - sympathetic and parasympathetic)
long reflexes
43
_ ('rest and digest') enhances digestive processes
parasympathetic nervous system
44
_ ('fight or flight') inhibits digestion
sympathetic nervous system
45
_ involve short reflexes (i.e.,, enteric nervous system)
intrinsic controls
46
_ involve long reflexes (i.e.,, autonomic nervous system)
extrinsic controls
47
_ is bounded by lips (anterior), cheeks (lateral), palate (superior), and tongue (inferior)
buccal (oral) cavity
48
_ is the anterior opening of the mouth
oral orifice
49
_ are made of orbicularis oris muscle
labia (lips)
50
_ make up the cheeks
buccinator muscles
51
_ is recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth-gums
oral vestibule
52
_ of mouth lies within teeth-gums
oral cavity proper
53
_ is median attachment of each lip to gum
labial frenulum
54
_ is formed by palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae (has midline ridge, raphe)
hard palate
55
_ is a fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
soft palate
56
fingerlike projection that faces downward from free edge of soft palate is _
uvula
57
_ occupies floor of mouth
tongue
58
_ gives tongue white appearance and roughness to provide friction; does not contain taste buds
filiform papillae
59
_ (mushroom shaped) scattered widely over tongue; vascular core causes red appearance
fungiform papillae
60
8–12 _ form V-shaped row in back of tongue
vallate (circumvallate) papillae
61
_ is on lateral aspects of posterior tongue
foliate papillae
62
_ (groove posterior to vallate papillae) marks division between body and root of tongue
terminal sulcus
63
_ (tongue) resides in oral cavity
body
64
_ (tongue) posterior third; resides in oropharynx
root
65
_ (congenital condition) children born with short lingual frenulum and causes distorted speech
ankyloglossia (tongue-tied)
66
_ (enzyme) breaks down starch
amylase
67
_ (outside oral cavity) produce most of saliva
major (extrinsic) salivary glands
68
_ (anterior to ear, exterior to masseter muscle) opens into vestibule next to second upper molar
parotid gland
69
_ (medial to manidle) opens at base of lingual frenulum
submandibular gland
70
_ (anterior to submandibular gland under tongue) 10-12 ducts in floor of mouth
sublingual gland
71
_ (scattered throughout oral cavity) make little saliva
minor salivary glands
72
_ (in parotid-submandibular glands) mostly secrete water, as well as enzymes, ions, and mucin
serous cells
73
_ (in sublingual glands) produce mucus
mucous cells
74
_ is when there's too little saliva being made
xerostomia (dry mouth)
75
_ (autoimmune diseases) affects moisture-producing glands throughout body
sjögren's syndrome
76
_ is the secretion of saliva
salivation
77
_ tears-grinds food into smaller pieces
mastication (chewing)
78
_ (in mandible-maxilla) house teeth
gomphoses
79
_ (teeth) erupt at 6-24months; 20 total
deciduous (milk, baby)
80
_ (teeth) erupt at 6-12years to end of adolescence; 32 total
permanent
81
_ (teeth) erupt at 17-25 years; may/may not emerge
wisdom (third molars)
82
_ are chisel-shaped; cut
incisors
83
_ are fanglike; tear-pierce
canines
84
_ have broad crowns and rounded cusps; grind-crush
premolars (bicuspids)
85
_ have broad crowns and rounded cusps [best grinders]; lock for crushing force
molars
86
_of tooth is the exposed part above gingiva; covered by enamel
crown
87
_ of tooth is embedded n jawbone
root
88
_ of tooth connects root to crown
neck
89
_ of tooth covers root
cement (cementum)
90
_ of tooth provides connective tissue; shock-absorption
peridontal ligament
91
_ is the space between gum and tooth
gingival sulcus
92
_ is the yellow tissue that makes up bulk of tooth
dentin
93
_ are the cells that form dentin
odontoblasts
94
_is surrounded by dentin
pulp cavity
95
_ is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
pulp
96
_ is pulp cavity extending to root
root canal
97
_ (proximal end of root) provides entry for blood vessels, nerves
apical foramen
98
_ is a tooth trapped in jawbone
impacted tooth
99
_ are caused by demineralization of enamel-dentin via bacterial action
dental caries (cavities)
100
_ is a film (sugar, bacteria, debris) adhering to teeth
dental plaque
101
_ is inflammation of gums by anaerobic bacteria; calculus is formed
gingivitis
102
_ forms when plaque calcifies; disrupts seal between gums-teeth
calculus (tartar)
103
_ can occur if gingivitis is untreated; immune cells attack both invaders and own tissue
periodontitis (periodontal disease)
104
_ passes food to laryngopharynx
oropharynx
105
esophagus goes through diaphragm at _
esophageal hiatus
106
esophagus joins stomach at _
cardial orifice
107
_ (of esophagus) surrounds cardial orifice and keeps it closed when not swallowing
gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter
108
_ (in submucosa) secrete mucus to help move bolus
esophageal glands
109
_ is caused by stomach acid regurgitating into esophagus
heartburn
110
heartburn is the first symptom of _
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
111
_ is when part of stomach protrudes above diaphragm
hiatal hernia
112
_ is inflammation of esophagus
esophagitis
113
_ requires 22 muscles; involves a buccal phase and pharyngeal-esophageal phase
deglutition (swallowing)
114
bolus is converted into _, a pastelike substance
chyme
115
_ are stomach folds formed by mucosa; appear when empty
rugae
116
_ (stomach) surrounds cardial orifice
cardial part (cardia)
117
_ (stomach) dome-shaped; beneath diaphragm
fundus
118
_ (stomach) is midportion
body
119
_ (stomach) is continuous with duodenum via pyloric valve
pylorus
120
_ (pylorus) narrows into pyloric canal
antrum
121
_ termines in pylorus
pyloric canal
122
_ (sphincter) controls stomach emptying
pyloric valve
123
_ (stomach) convex, lateral surface
greater curvature
124
_ (stomach) concave, medial surface
lesser curvature
125
_ (stomach) runs from lesser curvature to liver
lesser omentum
126
_ (stomach) drapes from greater curvature over intestine, spleen, transverse colon; contains fat, lymph nodes
greater omentum
127
_ (mesentery) anchors large intestine to abdominal wall
mesocolon
128
_ secrete thin, acidic mucus (unknown function)
mucous neck cells
129
_ secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
parietal cells
130
_ secrete pepsinogen and lipases
chief cells
131
_ secrete chemical messengers (hormones, paracrines) into lamina propria
enteroendocrine cells
132
_ is inflammation of stomach, caused by breach of mucosal barrier
gastritis
133
_ cause erosions in stomach wall (mostly caused by H. pylori)
gastric (peptic) ulcers
134
_ (only function of stomach essential to life) used for B12 absorption
intrinsic factor
135
_ varies based on life experience; triggered by aroma, sight, taste, thought of food
cephalic (reflex) phase
136
_ releases 2/3 gastric juice; lasts 3-4h
gastric phase
137
_ is brief stimulation followed by inhibition [of stomach]
intestinal phase
138
_ (enteroendocrine cells) secrete gastric
G cells
139
_ (mechanism of intestinal phase) neural control; duodenum inhibits acid secretion
enterogastric reflex
140
_ (mechanism of intestinal phase) hormonal control; duodenal endocrine cells release secretin and CCK
enterogastrone
141
_ is the increase of bicarbonate in blood leaving stomach
alkaline tide
142
_ (reflex-mediated relaxation of smooth muscle) coordinated by swallowing center
receptive relaxation
143
_ (intrinsic ability of smooth muscle to exhibit stress-relaxation) allows hollow organs to stretch without increasing tension-contraction
gastric accommodation
144
_ is set by enteric pacemaker cells
basic electrical rhythm (BER)
145
_ is peristaltic waves moving from fundus to pylorus
propulsion
146
_ (most vigorous peristalsis) mixing action
grinding
147
_ is when peristaltic waves force-close pyloric valve and forces contents backwards into stomach
retropulsion
148
_ is caused by extreme stretching or intestinal irritants; signaled by emetic center (medulla)
emesis (vomiting)
149
_ (yellow-green substance) emulsifies fat
bile
150
_ stores bile
gallbladder
151
_ separates right-left lobes of liver; suspends liver from diaphragm and abdominal wall
falciform ligament
152
_ is a remnant of fetal umbilical vein
round ligament (ligamentum teres)
153
hepatic artery-vein enter liver at _
porta hepatis
154
_ (duct) leaves liver
common hepatic
155
_ (duct) connects to gallbladder
cystic
156
_ (duct) unites common hepatic and cystic ducts
bile [duct]
157
_ are hexagonal structural-functional units; made up of hepatocytes
liver lobules
158
_ form hepatic plates and filter-process nutrient-rich blood
hepatocytes (liver cells)
159
_ (liver lobule) is in longitudinal axis
central vein
160
_ (liver) is in each corner of lobule
portal triad
161
_ remove debris and old RBCs
stellate macrophages (hepatic macrophages)
162
_ (cholesterol derivatives) function in fat emulsification-absorption
bile salts
163
_ is a pigment from heme that makes feces brown; bacteria break down bile in intestine
bilirubin
164
_ is the recycling mechanism to conserve bile salts
enterohepatic circulation
165
_ is inflammation of liver caused by viral infection, drug toxicity, mushroom poisoning
hepatitis
166
_ is a progressive inflammation of liver from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism
cirrhosis
167
_ are caused by too much cholesterol or too little bile salts
gallstones (biliary calculi)
168
_ caused by bile salts-pigments building up in blood; cause jaundice
obstructive jaundice
169
_ are clusters of secretory cells produces by pancreas
acini
170
acini produce _ with proenzymes
zygomen granules
171
_ is an enzyme bound to plasma membrane of duodenal epithelial cells
enteropeptidase
172
enteropeptidase activates a pancreatic protease, _, to form trypsin
trypsinogen
173
_ activates trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen
trypsin
174
_ forms active carboxypeptidase
procarboxypeptidase
175
_ froms active chymotrypsin
chymotrypsinogen
176
_ is formed by the fusion of bile-pancreatic ducts; bulblike
hepatopancreatic ampulla
177
ampulla opens into duodenum via _ - volcano-shaped structure
major duodenal papilla
178
_ (small duct) empties into duodenum
hepatopancreatic sphincter
179
_ is major organ of digestion and absorption
small intestine
180
small intestine ends at _ and joins large intestine)
ileocecal valve
181
_ (retroperitoneal) first part of small intestine that curves around pancreas
duodenum
182
_ is middle of small intestine that attaches via mesentery
jejunum
183
_ is end of small intestine that attaches via mesentery; ends with ileocecal valve
ileum
184
_ are permanent folds that allow more time for nutrient absorption; force chyme to go through lumen
circular folds
185
_ are fingerlike projections of mucosa and contain lacteals
villi
186
_ contain a brush border and its enzymes
microvilli
187
_ are cells in villi and crypts
intestinal crypts
188
_ make up most of epithelial cells; simple columnar absorptive cells bound by tight junctions, contain many microvilli
enterocytes
189
_ are mucus-secreting cells in epithelia of villi-crypts
goblet cells
190
_ produce enterogastrones and are scattered in villi
enteroendocrine cells
191
_ secrete antimicrobial agents and are found deep in crypts
paneth cells
192
_ continuously divide and produce other types of cells
stem cells
193
_ protects intestines from microorganisms
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
194
_ (aggregated lymphoid nodules) are found in lamina propria of small intestine
peyer's patches
195
_ secreted by plasma cells in lamina propria
IgA
196
_ secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme
duodenal glands
197
_ is secreted in response to distension-irritation of mucosa and stimulated by hypertonic-acidic chyme; mostly water and some mucus
intestinal juice
198
_ are bound to plasma. membrane and responsible for final chyme digestion
brush border enzymes
199
_ mixes-moves contents in small intestine toward ileocecal valve; initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells
segmentation
200
_ is initiated by motilin increase
peristalsis
201
_ (large intestine) three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
teniae coli
202
_ (large intestine) pocketlike sacs caused by teniae coli tone
haustra
203
_ (large intestine) fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
epiploic appendages
204
_ is the first part of large intestine
cecum
205
_ (MALT) is mass of lymphoid tissue; stores bacteria
appendix
206
_ of large intestine has many [retroperitoneal] regions
colon
207
_ travels up right side of abdominal cavity (up to kidney)
ascending colon
208
ascending colon ends in _ (right angle turn)
right colic (hepatic) flexure
209
_ travels across abdominal cavity
transverse colon
210
colon ends in another right angle turn, _
left colic (splenic) fixture
211
_ travels down left side of abdominal caivty
descending colon
212
_ is S-shaped poriton of colon; travels through pelvis
sigmoid colon
213
_ is made up of 3 rectal valves
rectum
214
_ stop feces from being passes with gas
rectal valves
215
_ include cecum, appendix, rectum, and most of colon (except transverse, sigmoid)
retroperitoneal
216
_ are regions anchored to posterior abdominal wall
intraperitoneal
217
_ are mesentery sheets that anchor intraperitoneal regions
mesocolons
218
_ is [acute] inflammation of appendix; caused by fecal blockage
appendicitis
219
_ are long rifges-folds of anal canal
anal columns
220
_ [between anal columns] secrete mucus to empty anal canal
anal recesses
221
_ is a horizontal line parallel to anal sinuses
pectinate line
222
_ are inflamed superficial hemorrhoidal veins
hemorrhoids
223
_ consist of 1000s of types of bacteria
bacterial flora
224
_ is initiated by food in stomach
gastrocolic reflex
225
_ in gastrocolin reflex are strong peristaltic waves activated 3-4x a day
mass movements
226
_ are mucus herniations from low-fiber diet
diverticula
227
_ is the presence of diverticula; most common in sigmoid colon
diverticulosis
228
_ is inflammation of diverticula; can rupture into peritoneal cavity and may be life-threatening
diverticulitis
229
_ is determined by recurring abdominal pain , stool changes, bloating, nausea, depression, gas
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
230
_ are mass movements that force feces toward rectum
defecation
231
_ (spinal reflex) triggered by distesion
defecation reflex
232
_ is the closing of glottis; diaphragm contraction and abdominal wall muscles increase intra-abdominal pressure
valsalva's maneuver
233
_ (watery stools) large ingestine does not have enough time to absorb remaining water
diarrhea
234
_ (hard stool) food remains in colon for too long and causes too much water to be absorbed
constipation
235
_ is catabolic; macromolecules break down into monomers for absorption
digestion
236
_ is when water is added to break chemical bonds; carried out by enzymes
hydrolysis
237
_ is the process of moving substances from lumen to body
absorption
238
_ absorbs polar molecules
active transport
239
_ (single sugars) can be absorbed
monosaccharides
240
_ are broken down into monosaccharides; begins in mouth via salivary amylase
polysaccharides
241
_ breaks down starch to oligosaccharides and disaccharides
pancreatic amylase
242
_ are made up of 3-10 saccharides
oligosaccharides
243
_ is the enzyme for lactose digestion
lactase
244
_ are broken down into lactose, glucose, sucrose
polysaccharides
245
examples of _ include glucose, fructose, galactose
monosaccharides
246
_ is caused by lactase deficiency, so lactose remains undigested
lactose intolerance
247
_ are generated when proteins break small poylpeptides-peptides
amino acid monomers
248
pepsinogen is converted to _ at low pH
pepsin
249
_ and _ (pancreatic proteases) cleave proteins into smaller peptides
trypsin; chymotrypsin
250
_ takes one amino acid off [from the end] at a time
carboxypeptidase
251
_ break oligopepides-dipeptides into amino acids (e.g., aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase)
brush border enzymes
252
amino acids are _ across apical membrane via secondary active transport carriers
co-transported
253
amino acids exit across _ through facilitated diffusion
basolateral membrane
254
_ is region of plasma membrane at apex
apical membrane
255
_ is when fat globules are broken down into fat droplets to increase surface area to lipases
emulsification
256
_ consist of fatty acids, monoglycerides, bile salts
micelle
257
_ form when fatty acid and monoglycerides are recombined and packaged with other proteins and fatty substances
chylomicron
258
_ break chylomicrons down into free fatty acids and glcyerol to be used by cells
lipoprotein lipases
259
_ hydrolyze nucleic acid to nucleotide monomers
pancreatic nucleases
260
_ vitamins (e.g., A, D, E, K) carried by micelles and diffuse into absorptive cells
fat-soluble
261
_ vitamins (e.g., C, B) absorbed by diffusion or passive-active transport
water-soluble
262
_ are stored in mucosal cells with ionic iron
ferritin
263
_ transport iron-calcium in blood
transferrin
264
_ is caused by anything interfering with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice
malabsorption
265
_ (common malabsorption disease) immune reaction to gluten
gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease)
