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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

_ is a functional system that provides disease resistance

A

immune system

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2
Q

_ immune system has the first and second lines of defense

A

innate (nonspecific)

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3
Q

_ line of defense involves external body membranes (skin, mucosa)

A

first

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4
Q

_ line of defense involves antimicrobial protein, phagocytes, and other cells

A

second

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5
Q

_ immune system has the third line of defense

A

adaptive (specific)

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6
Q

_ line of defense attacks particular foreign substances

A

third

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7
Q

_ are disease-causing organisms

A

pathogens

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8
Q

_ - skin and mucous membranes - stop attacks from pathogens

A

surface (mechanical) barriers

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9
Q

_ (enzymes in saliva, respiratory mucus, lacrimal fluid) destroys bacteria

A

lysozymes

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10
Q

_ are white blood cells that ingest-digest (eat) foreign invaders (ex: neutrophils, macrophages)

A

phagocytes

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11
Q

_ are large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph

A

natural killer (NK) cells

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12
Q

_ are non-phagocytic; can kill cancer and virus-infected cells

A

NK cells

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13
Q

_ is caused by vasodilation in inflammatory response

A

hyperemia

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14
Q

_ is caused by congestion with blood; leads to redness and heat

A

hyperemia

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15
Q

_ is caused by increased capillary permeability

A

exudate

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16
Q

_ is a fluid containing clotting factors + antibodies and leaks into tissue

A

exudate

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17
Q

exudate can cause _ (local swelling), which pushes on nerve endings and causes pain

A

edema

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18
Q

_ is the release of neutrophils from bone marrow

A

leukocytosis

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19
Q

leukocytosis is caused by _ from injured cells

A

leukocytosis-inducing factors

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20
Q

_ is when endothelial cells of capillaries in an inflamed area project CAMs into vessel lumen

A

margination

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21
Q

_ grab onto passing neutrophils and causes them to slow / roll along; cling to vessel wall

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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22
Q

_ is when neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells and move into interstitial spaces

A

diapedesis

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23
Q

_ is when inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents

A

chemotaxis

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24
Q

inflammatory chemical agents promote _ of neutrophils toward injured area

A

positive chemotaxis

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25
_ enhance innate defense, attack microorganisms directly, or stop microorganisms from reproducing
antimicrobial proteins
26
_ are a family of immune proteins
interferons (IFNs)
27
cells infected with viruses can secrete IFNs to | “warn” _
healthy neighboring cells
28
_ enter neighboring cells to stimulate production of proteins that block viral reproduction / degrade viral RNA
interferons (IFNs)
29
_ are ~20 antimicrobial proteins (c1-9, regulatory proteins, and factors b d p) circulating in inactive form in blood
complement
30
_ immunity includes antibodies and temporarily bind to target cells
humoral
31
_ immunity includes [T] lymphocytes that act against target cell and has cellular targets
cellular (cell mediated)
32
_ are anything that provokes an immune response
antigens
33
antigens are targets of _
adaptive immune responses
34
_ have immunogenicity and reactivity (ex: foreign proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids)
complete antigens
35
_ stimulates proliferation of specific lymphocytes
immunogenicity
36
_ reacts with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
reactivity
37
_ are small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves (ex: small peptides, nucleotides, hormones)
incomplete antigens (haptens)
38
haptens can become _ if they attach to body's own proteins
immunogenic
39
if a protein and hapten combine it is seen as _
foreign
40
_ are proteins on cell surface that are not antigenic to self (possibly to others in grafts)
self-antigens
41
_ are an important group of glycoproteins [self-proteins]
MHC proteins
42
_ are genetic; unique to each individual
MHC proteins
43
when the immune system works well it is known as _
immunocompetence
44
_ immune response starts when B cell encounters its antigen and is activated
humoral
45
humoral immune response includes _ cells and _ cells
plasma; memory
46
_ is first encounter between immunocompetent lymphocyte and invading antigen
challenge antigen
47
_ secrete antibodies and are the most abundant
plasma cells
48
_ provide immunological memory and mount immediate response to future exposures to same antigen
memory cells
49
most _ become effector cells (fight infections), while some remain as memory cells (respond quicker to antigen after it's been encountered)
clone cells
50
_ (earned immunity) is when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
active humoral immunity
51
the two types of active humoral immunity are _ acquired and _ acquired
naturally; artificially
52
_ immunity is an actual bacterial/viral infection
naturally-acquired active humoral
53
_ immunity is from a vaccine of dead/attenuated pathogens
artificially-acquired active humoral
54
_ (borrowed immunity) is when antibodies are introduced into the body
passive humoral immunity
55
_ immunity occurs through placenta or milk
naturally-acquired passive humoral
56
_ immunity is through serum injection (ex. gamma globulin)
artificially-acquired passive humoral
57
_ usually works with antibodies in the classical pathway to open pores in the target cell membrane
complement
58
_ is the area that determines antibody class
constant (C) region
59
_ are at one end of each arm; combine to form identical antigen-binding sites
variable (V) region
60
_ has two mechanisms: (1) perforins-granzymes (2) binds to specific membrane receptor on target cell that stimulates apoptosis
lethal hit
61
_ (produced by cytotoxic T cells) create large pores in target cell membranes to allow granzyme entrance
perforin
62
_ (produced by cytotoxic T cells) induces apoptosis
granzyme
63
_ (member of tumor necrosis factor, TNF) is a key cytokine responsible for lymphoid follicles and regulate autoimmunity/inflammation
lymphotoxin
64
_ are produced by lymphocytes and macrophages; promote inflammation chemotaxis, and nonspecific killing, and promote apoptosis
tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
65
_ are secreted by lymphocytes and activate macrophages, stimulate synthesis
gamma interferon
66
_ (transplant) within same person
autograft
67
_ (transplant) between genetically-identical twins
isograft
68
_ (transplant) from other animals
xenograft
69
_ (transplant) from same species, so success depends on tissue similarity; most common
allograft
70
_ is a congenital-acquired condition that impairs function or production of immune cells
immunodeficiency
71
_ is a genetic defect with deficit in B and T cells (treated via bone marrow transplant)
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome
72
_ is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes B cell cancer and depresses lymph node cells
hodgkin's disease
73
_ is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can be transferred via body fluids; depressed cellular immunity due to helper T cell destruction
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
74
_ is when the immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
autoimmune disease
75
_ is the production of autoantibodies and sensitized Tc cells that destroy body tissues
autoimmunity
76
_ are immune responses to perceived [harmless] threats that cause tissue damage
hypersensitivities
77
_ is a systemic allergic reaction in which a massive release of histamine triggers body-wide vasodilation
anaphylaxis
78
_ is a genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases (e.g., rhinitis, dermatitis/eczema)
atopy
79
_ have a slow onset where the mechanism depends on Th cells
delayed hypersensitivities
80
_ is first to peak during a primary immune response
IgM
81
_ protects mucosal barriers
IgA
82
_ is a B cell receptor
IgD
83
_ is the main antibody of [late] primary and secondary immune response
IgG
84
_ is involved in allergies
IgE
85
absence of _ results in no immune response
helper T cells
86
_ enable quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.
memory cells
87
_ kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells
cytotoxic T cells
88
_ form antibody-producing cells
B cells
89
_ slows or stops the immune response
regulatory T cell

A&P2 (12 decks)

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