Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

_ is a functional system that provides disease resistance

A

immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_ immune system has the first and second lines of defense

A

innate (nonspecific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_ line of defense involves external body membranes (skin, mucosa)

A

first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_ line of defense involves antimicrobial protein, phagocytes, and other cells

A

second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_ immune system has the third line of defense

A

adaptive (specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_ line of defense attacks particular foreign substances

A

third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_ are disease-causing organisms

A

pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_ - skin and mucous membranes - stop attacks from pathogens

A

surface (mechanical) barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_ (enzymes in saliva, respiratory mucus, lacrimal fluid) destroys bacteria

A

lysozymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_ are white blood cells that ingest-digest (eat) foreign invaders (ex: neutrophils, macrophages)

A

phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_ are large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph

A

natural killer (NK) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_ are non-phagocytic; can kill cancer and virus-infected cells

A

NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_ is caused by vasodilation in inflammatory response

A

hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_ is caused by congestion with blood; leads to redness and heat

A

hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_ is caused by increased capillary permeability

A

exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_ is a fluid containing clotting factors + antibodies and leaks into tissue

A

exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

exudate can cause _ (local swelling), which pushes on nerve endings and causes pain

A

edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_ is the release of neutrophils from bone marrow

A

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

leukocytosis is caused by _ from injured cells

A

leukocytosis-inducing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_ is when endothelial cells of capillaries in an inflamed area project CAMs into vessel lumen

A

margination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_ grab onto passing neutrophils and causes them to slow / roll along; cling to vessel wall

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_ is when neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells and move into interstitial spaces

A

diapedesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_ is when inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents

A

chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

inflammatory chemical agents promote _ of neutrophils toward injured area

A

positive chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_ enhance innate defense, attack microorganisms directly, or stop microorganisms from reproducing

A

antimicrobial proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_ are a family of immune proteins

A

interferons (IFNs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cells infected with viruses can secrete IFNs to

“warn” _

A

healthy neighboring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

_ enter neighboring cells to stimulate production of proteins that block viral reproduction / degrade viral RNA

A

interferons (IFNs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

_ are ~20 antimicrobial proteins (c1-9, regulatory proteins, and factors b d p) circulating in inactive form in blood

A

complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_ immunity includes antibodies and temporarily bind to target cells

A

humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_ immunity includes [T] lymphocytes that act against target cell and has cellular targets

A

cellular (cell mediated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

_ are anything that provokes an immune response

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

antigens are targets of _

A

adaptive immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

_ have immunogenicity and reactivity (ex: foreign proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids)

A

complete antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_ stimulates proliferation of specific lymphocytes

A

immunogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_ reacts with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

A

reactivity

37
Q

_ are small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves (ex: small peptides, nucleotides, hormones)

A

incomplete antigens (haptens)

38
Q

haptens can become _ if they attach to body’s own proteins

A

immunogenic

39
Q

if a protein and hapten combine it is seen as _

A

foreign

40
Q

_ are proteins on cell surface that are not antigenic to self (possibly to others in grafts)

A

self-antigens

41
Q

_ are an important group of glycoproteins [self-proteins]

A

MHC proteins

42
Q

_ are genetic; unique to each individual

A

MHC proteins

43
Q

when the immune system works well it is known as _

A

immunocompetence

44
Q

_ immune response starts when B cell encounters its antigen and is activated

A

humoral

45
Q

humoral immune response includes _ cells and _ cells

A

plasma; memory

46
Q

_ is first encounter between immunocompetent lymphocyte and invading antigen

A

challenge antigen

47
Q

_ secrete antibodies and are the most abundant

A

plasma cells

48
Q

_ provide immunological memory and mount immediate response to future exposures to same antigen

A

memory cells

49
Q

most _ become effector cells (fight infections), while some remain as memory cells (respond quicker to antigen after it’s been encountered)

A

clone cells

50
Q

_ (earned immunity) is when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them

A

active humoral immunity

51
Q

the two types of active humoral immunity are _ acquired and _ acquired

A

naturally; artificially

52
Q

_ immunity is an actual bacterial/viral infection

A

naturally-acquired active humoral

53
Q

_ immunity is from a vaccine of dead/attenuated pathogens

A

artificially-acquired active humoral

54
Q

_ (borrowed immunity) is when antibodies are introduced into the body

A

passive humoral immunity

55
Q

_ immunity occurs through placenta or milk

A

naturally-acquired passive humoral

56
Q

_ immunity is through serum injection (ex. gamma globulin)

A

artificially-acquired passive humoral

57
Q

_ usually works with antibodies in the classical pathway to open pores in the target cell membrane

A

complement

58
Q

_ is the area that determines antibody class

A

constant (C) region

59
Q

_ are at one end of each arm; combine to form identical antigen-binding sites

A

variable (V) region

60
Q

_ has two mechanisms: (1) perforins-granzymes (2) binds to specific membrane receptor on target cell that stimulates apoptosis

A

lethal hit

61
Q

_ (produced by cytotoxic T cells) create large pores in target cell membranes to allow granzyme entrance

A

perforin

62
Q

_ (produced by cytotoxic T cells) induces apoptosis

A

granzyme

63
Q

_ (member of tumor necrosis factor, TNF) is a key cytokine responsible for lymphoid follicles and regulate autoimmunity/inflammation

A

lymphotoxin

64
Q

_ are produced by lymphocytes and macrophages; promote inflammation chemotaxis, and nonspecific killing, and promote apoptosis

A

tumor necrosis factors (TNF)

65
Q

_ are secreted by lymphocytes and activate macrophages, stimulate synthesis

A

gamma interferon

66
Q

_ (transplant) within same person

A

autograft

67
Q

_ (transplant) between genetically-identical twins

A

isograft

68
Q

_ (transplant) from other animals

A

xenograft

69
Q

_ (transplant) from same species, so success depends on tissue similarity; most common

A

allograft

70
Q

_ is a congenital-acquired condition that impairs function or production of immune cells

A

immunodeficiency

71
Q

_ is a genetic defect with deficit in B and T cells (treated via bone marrow transplant)

A

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome

72
Q

_ is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes B cell cancer and depresses lymph node cells

A

hodgkin’s disease

73
Q

_ is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can be transferred via body fluids; depressed cellular immunity due to helper T cell destruction

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

74
Q

_ is when the immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

A

autoimmune disease

75
Q

_ is the production of autoantibodies and sensitized Tc cells that destroy body tissues

A

autoimmunity

76
Q

_ are immune responses to perceived [harmless] threats that cause tissue damage

A

hypersensitivities

77
Q

_ is a systemic allergic reaction in which a massive release of histamine triggers body-wide vasodilation

A

anaphylaxis

78
Q

_ is a genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases (e.g., rhinitis, dermatitis/eczema)

A

atopy

79
Q

_ have a slow onset where the mechanism depends on Th cells

A

delayed hypersensitivities

80
Q

_ is first to peak during a primary immune response

A

IgM

81
Q

_ protects mucosal barriers

A

IgA

82
Q

_ is a B cell receptor

A

IgD

83
Q

_ is the main antibody of [late] primary and secondary immune response

A

IgG

84
Q

_ is involved in allergies

A

IgE

85
Q

absence of _ results in no immune response

A

helper T cells

86
Q

_ enable quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.

A

memory cells

87
Q

_ kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

88
Q

_ form antibody-producing cells

A

B cells

89
Q

_ slows or stops the immune response

A

regulatory T cell

A&P2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions