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A&P2 > Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

_ is a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, repair

A

nutrition

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2
Q

_ (carbohydrates) includes grains, vegetables; 45-65% calorie intake

A

complex carbohydrates (starch)

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3
Q

_ (carbohydrates) include fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey-milk

A

sugar

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4
Q

_ (carbohydrates) includes cellulose; provide roughage

A

insoluble fiber

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5
Q

_ (carbohydrates) include pectin; reduces blood cholesterol levels

A

soluble fiber

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6
Q

_ (lipids) can be saturated-unsaturated fats

A

triglycerides

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7
Q

_ fats include meat, dairy foods, tropical oils

A

saturated

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8
Q

_ fats include seeds, nuts, olive-vegetable oil

A

unsaturated

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9
Q

_ (lipids) include egg yolk, meats or organ meats, shellfish, milk products

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

_ must be ingested; include linoleic-linolenic acids in vegetable oils

A

essential fatty acids

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11
Q

_ are fatty deposits; cushion body organs, insulate, and are a concentrated energy source

A

adipose tissue

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12
Q

_ (proteins) states where rate of protein synthesis equals rate of breakdown

A

nitrogen balance

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13
Q

_ involves the biochemical reactions (i.e., catabolism-anabollism) inside cells involving nutrients

A

metabolism

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14
Q

_ synthesizes large molecules from small ones; _ hydrolyzes complex structures into simple ones

A

anabolism; catabolism

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15
Q

_ is catabolism of food fuels and energy capture to form ATP in cells

A

cellular respiration

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16
Q

_ (mitochondrial) break down of intermediates into CO2, H2O, ATP

A

oxidative

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17
Q

_ is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

A

oxidation

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18
Q

_ substances lose electrons-energy; _ substances gain electrons-energy

A

oxidized; reduced

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19
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions are known as _ reactions

A

redox

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20
Q

_ act as electron acceptors

A

coenzymes

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21
Q

_ in glycolysis and kreb’s cycle involves high-energy phisphate groups transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP

A

substrate-level. phosphorylation

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22
Q

_ occurs in mitochondria; involves electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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23
Q

_ is movement of substances across a membrane to chemical reactions

A

chemiosmosis

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24
Q

_ (with oxidative phosphorylation) is part of glucose catabolism

A

electron transport

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25
Q

_ uses released energy to make ATP

A

ATP synthase

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26
Q

_ uses released energy to move hydrogen into intermembrane space

A

proton pump

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27
Q

_ (in cytosol) is a catabolic, anaerobic 10-step process; breaks down glucose and results in 2 pyruvic acids

A

glycolysis

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28
Q

_ reactions do not require free oxygen while _ reactions do

A

anaerobic; aerobic

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29
Q

_ (in mitochondrial matrix) uses pyruvic and fatty acids to form NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP

A

krebs cycle

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30
Q

_ is a component of cytoplasm in the cell

A

cytosol

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31
Q

_ is an intermediate for glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid

32
Q

pyruvic acid converts into _ if oxygen is not readily available

A

lactic acid

33
Q

coenzymes in redox reactions include _ and _

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD); flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

34
Q

_ is a high energy group

A

ATP

35
Q

_ within the mitochondria is the site of the krebs cycle and contains ribosomes, mitochondrial dna

A

mitochondrial matrix

36
Q

_ are partitions of the mitochondria; act as a scaffold

A

cristae

37
Q

_ (krebs cycle) pyruvic acid converts to acetyl CoA

A

transitional phase

38
Q

acetic acid + coenzyme A = _

A

acetyl CoA

39
Q

_ is produced by decarboxylation, along with CO2

A

acetic acid

40
Q

_ is the formation of glycogen when glucose exceeds need for ATP synthesis; in liver, skeletal muscle

A

glycogenesis

41
Q

_ is the breakdown of glycogen in response to low glucose

A

glycogenolysis

42
Q

_ is formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates (e.g., glycerol, amino acid); in liver

A

gluconeogenesis

43
Q

_ is the synthesis of triglycerides when cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

A

lipogenesis

44
Q

_ is reverse of lipgenesis; requires oxaloacetic acid

A

lipolysis

45
Q

_ is a dynamic state; organic molecules are continuously broken down and rebuilt

A

catabolic-anabolic steady state

46
Q

_ state occurs during and right after eating; nutrient absorption occurs

A

absorptive (fed)

47
Q

_ state occurs when gut is empty; energy sources supplied by reserve breakdown

A

postabsorptive (fasting)

48
Q

_ is when an amino group is removed from an amino acid

A

deamination

49
Q

_ is stimulated by decreased blood glucose and increased amino acid levels

A

glucagon

50
Q

_ promotes glycogenolysis-gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and modulation of glucose effects

A

hyperglycemic hormone

51
Q

_ process almost every nutrient class (store vitamins-minerals), play major role in regulating plasma cholesterol; metabolize alcohol, drugs, hormones, bilirubin

A

hepatocytes (liver cells)

52
Q

_ (major component of plasma membranes) is the structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, vit D

A

cholesterol

53
Q

_ include HDLs, LDLs, VLDLs, chylomicrons

A

lipoproteins

54
Q

_ contains highest protein content; prevent heart attack

A

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

55
Q

_ are cholesterol rich; may be a factor in heart attacks

A

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

56
Q

_ are mostly triglycerides

A

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

57
Q

_ fats stimulate liver to synthesize cholesterol and inhibit cholesterol-excretion

A

saturated

58
Q

_ fats enhance cholesterol-excretion

A

unsaturated

59
Q

_ fats increase LDL, decrease HDL

A

trans

60
Q

_ (unsaturated fats) are found in coldwater fish; lower proportions of saturated fat and cholesterol

A

omega-3 fatty acids

61
Q

_ means bond energy released from food must equal total energy output

A

energy balance

62
Q

_ (BMI > 30) has higher incidence of atherosclerosis, DM, hypertension, heart disease, osteoarthritis

A

obesity

63
Q

_ is a short term control of food intake

A

vagal nerve

64
Q

_ helps regulate temperature

A

hypothalamus

65
Q

_ is total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of body; measured with calorimeter, respirometer

A

metabolic rate

66
Q

_ reflects energy needed for body to perform most essential activities

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

67
Q

_ is the rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities; increases with skeletal muscle activity and ingestion

A

total metabolic rate (TMR)

68
Q

_ is loss of heat in form of infrared rays

A

radiation

69
Q

_ is transfer of heat via direct contact

A

conduction

70
Q

_ is transfer of heat to surrounding air-water

A

convection

71
Q

_ is heat los due to evaporation of water from body

A

evaporation

72
Q

_ is elevated body temperature, which depresses hypothalamus; heat stroke at 41C

A

hyperthermia

73
Q

_ is low body temperature causing vital sign decrease; can proceed to coma at 21C

A

hypothermia

74
Q

glycolysis forms _ ATP; citric acid cycle forms _ ATP; oxidative phosphorylation forms _ ATP

A

2; 2; 24-28

75
Q

glycolysis forms _ pyruvate, _ NADH + H, and _ ATP (net gain)

A

2; 2; 2

76
Q

citric acid cycle forms _ NADH + H, _ FADH2, _ CO2, and _ ATP (net gain); this is once per glucose molecule, so there’s double

A

3; 1; 2; 1

A&P2 (12 decks)

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