Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards by lore v.

_ is a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, repair

nutrition

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_ (carbohydrates) includes grains, vegetables; 45-65% calorie intake

complex carbohydrates (starch)

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_ (carbohydrates) include fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey-milk

sugar

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_ (carbohydrates) includes cellulose; provide roughage

insoluble fiber

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_ (carbohydrates) include pectin; reduces blood cholesterol levels

soluble fiber

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_ (lipids) can be saturated-unsaturated fats

triglycerides

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_ fats include meat, dairy foods, tropical oils

saturated

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_ fats include seeds, nuts, olive-vegetable oil

unsaturated

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_ (lipids) include egg yolk, meats or organ meats, shellfish, milk products

cholesterol

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_ must be ingested; include linoleic-linolenic acids in vegetable oils

essential fatty acids

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_ are fatty deposits; cushion body organs, insulate, and are a concentrated energy source

adipose tissue

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_ (proteins) states where rate of protein synthesis equals rate of breakdown

nitrogen balance

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_ involves the biochemical reactions (i.e., catabolism-anabollism) inside cells involving nutrients

metabolism

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_ synthesizes large molecules from small ones; _ hydrolyzes complex structures into simple ones

anabolism; catabolism

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_ is catabolism of food fuels and energy capture to form ATP in cells

cellular respiration

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_ (mitochondrial) break down of intermediates into CO2, H2O, ATP

oxidative

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_ is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

oxidation

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_ substances lose electrons-energy; _ substances gain electrons-energy

oxidized; reduced

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oxidation-reduction reactions are known as _ reactions

redox

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_ act as electron acceptors

coenzymes

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_ in glycolysis and kreb’s cycle involves high-energy phisphate groups transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP

substrate-level. phosphorylation

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_ occurs in mitochondria; involves electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

oxidative phosphorylation

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_ is movement of substances across a membrane to chemical reactions

chemiosmosis

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_ (with oxidative phosphorylation) is part of glucose catabolism

electron transport

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_ uses released energy to make ATP

ATP synthase

_ uses released energy to move hydrogen into intermembrane space

proton pump

_ (in cytosol) is a catabolic, anaerobic 10-step process; breaks down glucose and results in 2 pyruvic acids

glycolysis

_ reactions do not require free oxygen while _ reactions do

anaerobic; aerobic

_ (in mitochondrial matrix) uses pyruvic and fatty acids to form NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP

krebs cycle

_ is a component of cytoplasm in the cell

cytosol

_ is an intermediate for glycolysis

pyruvic acid

pyruvic acid converts into _ if oxygen is not readily available

lactic acid

coenzymes in redox reactions include _ and _

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD); flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

_ is a high energy group

ATP

_ within the mitochondria is the site of the krebs cycle and contains ribosomes, mitochondrial dna

mitochondrial matrix

_ are partitions of the mitochondria; act as a scaffold

cristae

_ (krebs cycle) pyruvic acid converts to acetyl CoA

transitional phase

acetic acid + coenzyme A = _

acetyl CoA

_ is produced by decarboxylation, along with CO2

acetic acid

_ is the formation of glycogen when glucose exceeds need for ATP synthesis; in liver, skeletal muscle

glycogenesis

_ is the breakdown of glycogen in response to low glucose

glycogenolysis

_ is formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates (e.g., glycerol, amino acid); in liver

gluconeogenesis

_ is the synthesis of triglycerides when cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

lipogenesis

_ is reverse of lipgenesis; requires oxaloacetic acid

lipolysis

_ is a dynamic state; organic molecules are continuously broken down and rebuilt

catabolic-anabolic steady state

_ state occurs during and right after eating; nutrient absorption occurs

absorptive (fed)

_ state occurs when gut is empty; energy sources supplied by reserve breakdown

postabsorptive (fasting)

_ is when an amino group is removed from an amino acid

deamination

_ is stimulated by decreased blood glucose and increased amino acid levels

glucagon

_ promotes glycogenolysis-gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and modulation of glucose effects

hyperglycemic hormone

_ process almost every nutrient class (store vitamins-minerals), play major role in regulating plasma cholesterol; metabolize alcohol, drugs, hormones, bilirubin

hepatocytes (liver cells)

_ (major component of plasma membranes) is the structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, vit D

cholesterol

_ include HDLs, LDLs, VLDLs, chylomicrons

lipoproteins

_ contains highest protein content; prevent heart attack

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

_ are cholesterol rich; may be a factor in heart attacks

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

_ are mostly triglycerides

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

_ fats stimulate liver to synthesize cholesterol and inhibit cholesterol-excretion

saturated

_ fats enhance cholesterol-excretion

unsaturated

_ fats increase LDL, decrease HDL

trans

_ (unsaturated fats) are found in coldwater fish; lower proportions of saturated fat and cholesterol

omega-3 fatty acids

_ means bond energy released from food must equal total energy output

energy balance

_ (BMI > 30) has higher incidence of atherosclerosis, DM, hypertension, heart disease, osteoarthritis

obesity

_ is a short term control of food intake

vagal nerve

_ helps regulate temperature

hypothalamus

_ is total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of body; measured with calorimeter, respirometer

metabolic rate

_ reflects energy needed for body to perform most essential activities

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

_ is the rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities; increases with skeletal muscle activity and ingestion

total metabolic rate (TMR)

_ is loss of heat in form of infrared rays

radiation

_ is transfer of heat via direct contact

conduction

_ is transfer of heat to surrounding air-water

convection

_ is heat los due to evaporation of water from body

evaporation

_ is elevated body temperature, which depresses hypothalamus; heat stroke at 41C

hyperthermia

_ is low body temperature causing vital sign decrease; can proceed to coma at 21C

hypothermia

glycolysis forms _ ATP; citric acid cycle forms _ ATP; oxidative phosphorylation forms _ ATP

2; 2; 24-28

glycolysis forms _ pyruvate, _ NADH + H, and _ ATP (net gain)

2; 2; 2

citric acid cycle forms _ NADH + H, _ FADH2, _ CO2, and _ ATP (net gain); this is once per glucose molecule, so there's double

3; 1; 2; 1