Cardiovascular System Flashcards
_ are the receiving chambers of the heart
atria
_ atrium receives blood from systemic circuit; _ atrium receives blood from pulmonary circuit
right; left
_ are the pumping chambers of the heart
ventricles
_ ventricle pumps blood into systemic circuit; _ ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary circuit
left; right
left ventricle is _ than right ventricle
larger
_ and _ are muscular-walled tubes in circulatory system
arteries; veins
arteries deliver _ blood to rest of body
oxygenated
veins deliver _ blood from body to heart
deoxygenated
deoxygenated blood is _ than oxygenated blood; oxygenated blood is _ than deoxygenated blood
darker; brighter
oxygenated blood flows into _
arteries
pulmonary _ carry blood from right ventricle to lungs (pick up O2 and leave CO2)
arteries
pulmonary _ transport oxygenated blood from lungs to left atria
veins
_ is an interwoven network of capillaries; supplies organs with high metabolism requirements
capillary bed
_ (largest artery) transports blood to other major arteries
aorta
_ lines internal surface of thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
_ is a double walled sac that surrounds heart
pericardium
_ (superficial layer of pericardium) protects-anchors heart to surrounding tissues; prevents overfilling
fibrous pericardium
_ has two layers, parietal and visceral
serous pericardium
_ is inner surface of serous pericardium
parietal layer
_ is external surface of heart (epicardium)
visceral layer
_ is filled with serous fluid
pericardial cavity
_ lubricates surrounding tissues and prevent friction rub
serous fluid
_ has circular/spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells (let heart contract in all directions)
myocardium
_ (innermost layer) continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels; line chambers and skeleton of valves
endocardium
_ (parallel muscle columns) create ridges on inner atrial walls
pectinate muscles
_ project papillae into ventricular cavity; anchor chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
_ (heartstrings) fibrous tissue that anchor AV valves to cuspid valves
chordae tendineae
_ are irregular muscle ridges on ventricle walls
trabeculae carneae
_ left AV valve
bicuspid (mitral) valve
_ right AV valve
tricuspid valve
_ prevent backflow from major arteries into ventricles; 3 cusps
semilunar (SL) valves
SL valves open-close in response to _ change
pressure
_ SL valve is between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
pulmonary
_ SL valve is between aorta and left ventricle
aortic
_ is embryologic remnant (ductus arteriosus); shunt blood away from lungs during fetal development and typically closes near the time of birth.
ligamentum arteriosum
_ hold cells together; prevent from separating during contraction
desmosome
_ allow ions to pass between cells and electrically join adj. cells
gap junctions
_ (unstable resting membrane potential); positive interior because K+ channels closed and NA+ channels open
pacemaker potential
_ (pacemaker) in right atrial wall; depolarizes faster than rest of myocardium and sends impulses across atria/AV node
sinoatrial (SA) node
_ in inferior interatrial septum; delays impulses to allow atrial contraction before ventricular contraction
atrioventricular (AV) node
SA node generates impulses at _x/min; AV node generates impulses at _x/min
75; 50
the _ signals heart to beat through electric impulses when heartbeat is irregular
pacemaker
_ (anterior, middle, posterior bands) lead signals from SA node to AV node
intermodal pathway
_ in superior interventricular septum; only electric connection between atria-ventricles
AV bundle (bundle of His)
_ are specialized fibers made of excitable cells; let conduction system synchronize ventricular contractions
purkinje fibers
purkinje fibers are _ efficient at carrying action potentials
most
_ the separation between left-right ventricles
interventricular septum
_ is a graph representation of all action potentials at given point; collected by placing electrodes at different body parts to measure differences (12 lead)
electrocardiogram (EKG)
_ shows depolarization of atria and SA node
P wave
_ shows atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
_ shows ventricular repolarization
T wave
_ is the beginning of atrial and ventricular excitation
P-R interval
_ is the entire depolarization of ventricular myocardium
S-T segment
_ is the beginning of ventricular depolarization and repolarization
Q-T interval
_ is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
stroke volume (SV)
_ is affected by length of ventricular diastole and venous pressure (~120 ml/beat)
end diastolic volume (EDV)
_ is affected by arterial BP and force of ventricular contraction (~50 ml/beat)
end systolic volume (ESV)
degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract is _
preload
contractile strength at given muscle length is _
contractility
back pressure [by arterial blood] that ventricles must overcome to eject blood is _
afterload
_ (hormones) ‘fight or flight’ and increase heart contractility
epinephrine-norepinephrine
_ is abnormally fast heart rate (100+ bpm) that can lead to fibrillation
tachycardia
_ abnormally slow heart rate (60- bpm) that can result in inadequate circulation
bradycardia
_ is a progressive condition where cardiac output is so low that blood circulation cannot meet tissue needs
congestive heart failure (CHF)
clogged arteries caused by fat buildup is _; impairs oxygen delivery to cardiac cells (contracts inefficiently)
coronary atherosclerosis
_ is prolonged coronary blockage where areas of cell death are repaired with non-contractile scar tissue
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
_ is when ventricles stretch/become flabby, and myocardium deteriorates
(caused by drug toxicity or chronic inflammation)
dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
_ is a type of CHF with failure on the left side of the heart; causes blood to back up in lungs
pulmonary congestion
_ is a type of CHF with failure on the right side of the heart; causes blood to pool in organs (edema)
peripheral congestion
_ is localized swelling in body tissues
edema
