Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
There are 2 types of pleura; name them?
A
- Viscera pleura
- Parietal pleura
2
Q
The passive event in respiration involving recoil of the Iungs is known as
A
Expiration or Exhalation
3
Q
The membrane that covers the lungs is called?
A
Pleura
4
Q
The most important muscle of respiration is?
A
The diaphragm
5
Q
The amount of air exchanged in breathing is measured with what equipment?
A
A Spirometer
6
Q
The active part of the breathing process is called?
A
Inspiration or Inhalation
7
Q
The ability of the lungs to become distended, engorged with air and then recoil is called?
A
Compliance
8
Q
The functional unit of the lungs is?
A
Alveoli
9
Q
The accumulation of air in an internal organ is referred to as?
A
Emphysema
10
Q
The hypersensitivity of smooth muscle along the respiratory pathway, is the primary reason for what ailment?
A
Asthma
11
Q
The excessive formation of connective tissue in an organ is termed?
A
Fibrosis
12
Q
Volume and pressure have an inverse relationship in what law?
A
Boyle’s law
13
Q
Alveoli pressure is said to be zero when it equals?
A
Atmospheric pressure
14
Q
The overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolism for the production of useful energy by an organism, is called?
A
Respiration
15
Q
________ respiration involves utilisation of inhaled oxygen for cellular metabolism to produce energy, H²O, and CO²
A
Internal
16
Q
________ respiration involves inhalation and exhalation
A
External
17
Q
The normal respiratory rate in neonates is?
A
30 - 60 per minute
18
Q
The normal respiratory rate in early childhood is?
A
20 - 40 per minute
19
Q
The normal respiratory rate in Late childhood is?
A
15 - 25 per minute
20
Q
The normal respiratory rate in Adults is?
A
12 - 15 per minute
21
Q
Air moves into the lungs by _________?
A
Turbulent precipitation
22
Q
The hair and mucous lining act to?
A
Trap noxious substances.
Preventing them from getting into the lungs
23
Q
The functional components of respiration can be divided into 2, namely?
A
- Thoracic cage
- Muscles of respiration
24
Q
The 2 main muscle of inspiration are?
A
The Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
25
The diaphragm is innervated by?
Phrenic nerves (c3-c5)
26
_________ muscles of inspiration are used during forceful expiration?
Accessory
27
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Scalene
3. Levator scapula
4. Anterior serrati
5. Pectoralis major and minor
All belong to what type of muscles of inspiration?
Accessory muscles
28
_______ is the the passive process of respiration involving recoil of the lungs?
Expiration or Exhalation
29
During strenuous exercise or forceful breathing out, what muscles are used?
Internal intercostal muscles
30
The abdominal muscles are ___________
Accessory muscles of expiration
31
The internal and external intercostal muscles supplied by?
Intercostal nerves
32
List out the air passages accordingly?
Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchioles (up to terminal Bronchioles)
33
_______ closes the respiratory tract during swallowing.
Epiglottis
34
The temporary cessation of breath while swallowing is called?
Deglutition apnea
35
What is the length of the trachea?
11cm long
36
The trachea begins at _____ and ends at _____.
Begins at **Larynx**
Ends at **Bronchi**
37
The right lungs typically has ___ lobes?
3
38
The left lungs typically has ___ lobes?
2
39
Between the visceral and parietal pleura, there is a potential space called?
Pleural cavity or inter pleural space
40
There are ____ Alveoli in each lung.
300 million
41
Alveolus is _____ in shape?
Polygonal
42
Alveolus has a diameter of 0.2mm - 0.5mm
True or False?
True
43
________ cells of the alveolar produce surfactant.
Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes
44
______refers to all the parts of the respiratory tract that do not take part in gaseous exchange.
Anatomical Dead space
45
The volume of air that typically resides in the anatomical Dead space is about?
150 ml
46
Olfaction
Vocalisation
Defence mechanism
Maintenance of Homeostasis
And Hormonal secretion,
Refer to _________________?
Non respiratory functions of the Lungs
47
NK cells prevent cancerous tumours by secreting?
Interferons & Necrosis factors
48
Examples of respiratory reflexes include?
1. Cough reflex
2. Sneezing reflex
3. Swallowing reflex
49
During cough reflex, the interpleural pressure above?
100mmHg
50
Velocity of airflow in cough reflex may reach ________as it causes expulsion of irritant substances from the respiratory tracts
960km/hr
51
The centre for cough reflex is in the?
Medulla oblongata
52
___________ is the pressure difference between alveoli pressure and intra-pleura pressure?
Transpulmonary pressure
53
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs, can be measured using a?
Spirometer
54
Examples of respiratory volumes?
1. Inspiratory reserve volume
2. Expiratory reserve volume
3. Tidal volume
4. Functional residual capacity
5. Vital capacity
55
The normal volume of inspired or expired air is called _____
Tidal volume (500ml)
56
The extra volume of air that can be inspired, in addition to the tidal volume is called?
Inspiratory reserve volume (3000ml)
57
The extra volume of air that can be expired, in addition to the tidal volume is called?
Expiratory reserve volume (1000ml)
58
________ is caused by irritation of the nasal mucous membrane?
Sneezing reflex
59
________ is caused by irritation of the respiratory tract or external auditory canals?
Cough reflex
60
The volume of air that cannot be expired by the lungs or measured directly with a Spirometer is known as?
Functional residual capacity(2200ml)
61
Functional residual capacity is measured using________?
Helium-dilution technique
62
The maximum air that the lungs can hold is?
5.7L in males
4.2L in females
63
The maximum volume of air that can be expelled out forcefully, during a single breath (following a deep inspiration) is?
Vital capacity (4500ml)
64
_______ is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold?
What is the volume?
Total lungs capacity **(5700ml)**
65
______ is the volume change produced by unit change in pressure ?
Lungs compliance
66
Simply put, The ability of the lungs to be distended (expand) and recoil is called?
Lungs compliance
67
Lung compliance obey what law in physics?
Hooke's law
68
State Hooke's law?
Hooke's law states that "provided the elastic limit or an elastic body is not exceeded, the extension **e** is directly proportional to the applied force.
69
Compliance is calculated by?
Change in volume ÷ change in pressure
70
The total pulmonary compliance in-vivo measures to?
0.13L/cm
71
_______ is the work done to expand the lungs against elastic force.
Compliance work
72
_________ is the work done to overcome tissue resistance?
Tissue resistance work
73
Most of the work done during quiet breathing acts to ?
Expand the lungs
74
Pulmonary diseases that decrease compliance include?
1. Pulmonary fibrosis
2. Asthma
3. Emphysema
75
Failure or difficulty in breathing can lead to?
Exhaustion & death
76
The process through which venous blood is taken to the lungs before it is pumped throughout the body is called?
Pulmonary circulation
77
Venous blood is first drained into what part of the heart
Right atrium
78
Pulmonary circulation has low pressure.
True or False?
True
79
Blood supply to the lungs is through?
Pulmonary arteries
pulmonary vein
Bronchial arteries
80
The mixing of deoxygenated blood from the bronchial vein with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary vein is known as?
Physiological shunting
81
_______ is formed by the epithelium of respiratory unit and endothelium of pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory membrane
82
The layers of respiratory membrane include?
1. Monolayer of surfactant
2. Alveolar epithelium
3. Interstitial space
4. Basement membrane of capillary
5. Capillary endothelium
83
The average thickness of the respiratory membrane is?
0.1 microns
84
The total surface area of the respiratory membrane in both lungs is about?
70m²
85
_________ is the volume of gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute, for a pressure difference of 1mmHg
Diffusing capacity
86
Mention the factors affecting diffusing capacity?
1. Pressure gradient
2. Solubility of gas in fluid
3. Molecular weight of gas
4. Thickness of respiratory membrane
5. Total surface area of respiratory membrane
87
The ratio of carbon to oxygen produced from the oxidation of food substrates during respiration is called?
Respiratory quotient
88
The movement of air, in and out of the lungs is called?
Ventilation
89
The movement of blood, through the lungs is called?
Perfusion
90
Zone 1 (apex) of the lungs is the area of ________
Zero blood flow
91
Zone 2 (middle) of the lungs is the area of ________
Intermittent blood flow
92
Zone 3 (base) of the lungs is the area of ________
Continuous blood flow
93
These are correct;
In zone 1: PA > Pa > PV ,
In zone 2: Pa > PA > PV
In zone 3: Pa > PV > PA
True or false?
True.
Remember: from zone 1 zone 3: PA(alveolar pressure) moves from 1st, to 2nd and then 3rd positions
94
The pressure difference that determines the calibre of a distensible tube is?
Transmural pressure
95
_______ is the difference between the internal and external pressures of the lungs?
Transmural pressure
