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The Mediverse 2.2 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

There are 2 types of pleura; name them?

A
  1. Viscera pleura
  2. Parietal pleura
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2
Q

The passive event in respiration involving recoil of the Iungs is known as

A

Expiration or Exhalation

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3
Q

The membrane that covers the lungs is called?

A

Pleura

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4
Q

The most important muscle of respiration is?

A

The diaphragm

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5
Q

The amount of air exchanged in breathing is measured with what equipment?

A

A Spirometer

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6
Q

The active part of the breathing process is called?

A

Inspiration or Inhalation

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7
Q

The ability of the lungs to become distended, engorged with air and then recoil is called?

A

Compliance

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8
Q

The functional unit of the lungs is?

A

Alveoli

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9
Q

The accumulation of air in an internal organ is referred to as?

A

Emphysema

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10
Q

The hypersensitivity of smooth muscle along the respiratory pathway, is the primary reason for what ailment?

A

Asthma

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11
Q

The excessive formation of connective tissue in an organ is termed?

A

Fibrosis

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12
Q

Volume and pressure have an inverse relationship in what law?

A

Boyle’s law

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13
Q

Alveoli pressure is said to be zero when it equals?

A

Atmospheric pressure

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14
Q

The overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolism for the production of useful energy by an organism, is called?

A

Respiration

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15
Q

________ respiration involves utilisation of inhaled oxygen for cellular metabolism to produce energy, H²O, and CO²

A

Internal

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16
Q

________ respiration involves inhalation and exhalation

A

External

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17
Q

The normal respiratory rate in neonates is?

A

30 - 60 per minute

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18
Q

The normal respiratory rate in early childhood is?

A

20 - 40 per minute

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19
Q

The normal respiratory rate in Late childhood is?

A

15 - 25 per minute

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20
Q

The normal respiratory rate in Adults is?

A

12 - 15 per minute

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21
Q

Air moves into the lungs by _________?

A

Turbulent precipitation

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22
Q

The hair and mucous lining act to?

A

Trap noxious substances.
Preventing them from getting into the lungs

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23
Q

The functional components of respiration can be divided into 2, namely?

A
  1. Thoracic cage
  2. Muscles of respiration
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24
Q

The 2 main muscle of inspiration are?

A

The Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles

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25
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerves (c3-c5)

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26
Q

_________ muscles of inspiration are used during forceful expiration?

A

Accessory

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27
Q
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Scalene
  3. Levator scapula
  4. Anterior serrati
  5. Pectoralis major and minor
    All belong to what type of muscles of inspiration?
A

Accessory muscles

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28
Q

_______ is the the passive process of respiration involving recoil of the lungs?

A

Expiration or Exhalation

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29
Q

During strenuous exercise or forceful breathing out, what muscles are used?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

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30
Q

The abdominal muscles are ___________

A

Accessory muscles of expiration

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31
Q

The internal and external intercostal muscles supplied by?

A

Intercostal nerves

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32
Q

List out the air passages accordingly?

A

Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchioles (up to terminal Bronchioles)

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33
Q

_______ closes the respiratory tract during swallowing.

A

Epiglottis

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34
Q

The temporary cessation of breath while swallowing is called?

A

Deglutition apnea

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35
Q

What is the length of the trachea?

A

11cm long

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36
Q

The trachea begins at _____ and ends at _____.

A

Begins at Larynx
Ends at Bronchi

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37
Q

The right lungs typically has ___ lobes?

A

3

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38
Q

The left lungs typically has ___ lobes?

A

2

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39
Q

Between the visceral and parietal pleura, there is a potential space called?

A

Pleural cavity or inter pleural space

40
Q

There are ____ Alveoli in each lung.

A

300 million

41
Q

Alveolus is _____ in shape?

A

Polygonal

42
Q

Alveolus has a diameter of 0.2mm - 0.5mm
True or False?

A

True

43
Q

________ cells of the alveolar produce surfactant.

A

Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes

44
Q

______refers to all the parts of the respiratory tract that do not take part in gaseous exchange.

A

Anatomical Dead space

45
Q

The volume of air that typically resides in the anatomical Dead space is about?

A

150 ml

46
Q

Olfaction
Vocalisation
Defence mechanism
Maintenance of Homeostasis
And Hormonal secretion,
Refer to _________________?

A

Non respiratory functions of the Lungs

47
Q

NK cells prevent cancerous tumours by secreting?

A

Interferons & Necrosis factors

48
Q

Examples of respiratory reflexes include?

A
  1. Cough reflex
  2. Sneezing reflex
  3. Swallowing reflex
49
Q

During cough reflex, the interpleural pressure above?

A

100mmHg

50
Q

Velocity of airflow in cough reflex may reach ________as it causes expulsion of irritant substances from the respiratory tracts

A

960km/hr

51
Q

The centre for cough reflex is in the?

A

Medulla oblongata

52
Q

___________ is the pressure difference between alveoli pressure and intra-pleura pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

53
Q

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs, can be measured using a?

A

Spirometer

54
Q

Examples of respiratory volumes?

A
  1. Inspiratory reserve volume
  2. Expiratory reserve volume
  3. Tidal volume
  4. Functional residual capacity
  5. Vital capacity
55
Q

The normal volume of inspired or expired air is called _____

A

Tidal volume (500ml)

56
Q

The extra volume of air that can be inspired, in addition to the tidal volume is called?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (3000ml)

57
Q

The extra volume of air that can be expired, in addition to the tidal volume is called?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (1000ml)

58
Q

________ is caused by irritation of the nasal mucous membrane?

A

Sneezing reflex

59
Q

________ is caused by irritation of the respiratory tract or external auditory canals?

A

Cough reflex

60
Q

The volume of air that cannot be expired by the lungs or measured directly with a Spirometer is known as?

A

Functional residual capacity(2200ml)

61
Q

Functional residual capacity is measured using________?

A

Helium-dilution technique

62
Q

The maximum air that the lungs can hold is?

A

5.7L in males
4.2L in females

63
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled out forcefully, during a single breath (following a deep inspiration) is?

A

Vital capacity (4500ml)

64
Q

_______ is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold?
What is the volume?

A

Total lungs capacity (5700ml)

65
Q

______ is the volume change produced by unit change in pressure ?

A

Lungs compliance

66
Q

Simply put, The ability of the lungs to be distended (expand) and recoil is called?

A

Lungs compliance

67
Q

Lung compliance obey what law in physics?

A

Hooke’s law

68
Q

State Hooke’s law?

A

Hooke’s law states that “provided the elastic limit or an elastic body is not exceeded, the extension e is directly proportional to the applied force.

69
Q

Compliance is calculated by?

A

Change in volume ÷ change in pressure

70
Q

The total pulmonary compliance in-vivo measures to?

A

0.13L/cm

71
Q

_______ is the work done to expand the lungs against elastic force.

A

Compliance work

72
Q

_________ is the work done to overcome tissue resistance?

A

Tissue resistance work

73
Q

Most of the work done during quiet breathing acts to ?

A

Expand the lungs

74
Q

Pulmonary diseases that decrease compliance include?

A
  1. Pulmonary fibrosis
  2. Asthma
  3. Emphysema
75
Q

Failure or difficulty in breathing can lead to?

A

Exhaustion & death

76
Q

The process through which venous blood is taken to the lungs before it is pumped throughout the body is called?

A

Pulmonary circulation

77
Q

Venous blood is first drained into what part of the heart

A

Right atrium

78
Q

Pulmonary circulation has low pressure.
True or False?

A

True

79
Q

Blood supply to the lungs is through?

A

Pulmonary arteries
pulmonary vein
Bronchial arteries

80
Q

The mixing of deoxygenated blood from the bronchial vein with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary vein is known as?

A

Physiological shunting

81
Q

_______ is formed by the epithelium of respiratory unit and endothelium of pulmonary capillaries

A

Respiratory membrane

82
Q

The layers of respiratory membrane include?

A
  1. Monolayer of surfactant
  2. Alveolar epithelium
  3. Interstitial space
  4. Basement membrane of capillary
  5. Capillary endothelium
83
Q

The average thickness of the respiratory membrane is?

A

0.1 microns

84
Q

The total surface area of the respiratory membrane in both lungs is about?

A

70m²

85
Q

_________ is the volume of gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute, for a pressure difference of 1mmHg

A

Diffusing capacity

86
Q

Mention the factors affecting diffusing capacity?

A
  1. Pressure gradient
  2. Solubility of gas in fluid
  3. Molecular weight of gas
  4. Thickness of respiratory membrane
  5. Total surface area of respiratory membrane
87
Q

The ratio of carbon to oxygen produced from the oxidation of food substrates during respiration is called?

A

Respiratory quotient

88
Q

The movement of air, in and out of the lungs is called?

A

Ventilation

89
Q

The movement of blood, through the lungs is called?

A

Perfusion

90
Q

Zone 1 (apex) of the lungs is the area of ________

A

Zero blood flow

91
Q

Zone 2 (middle) of the lungs is the area of ________

A

Intermittent blood flow

92
Q

Zone 3 (base) of the lungs is the area of ________

A

Continuous blood flow

93
Q

These are correct;
In zone 1: PA > Pa > PV ,
In zone 2: Pa > PA > PV
In zone 3: Pa > PV > PA
True or false?

A

True.

Remember: from zone 1 zone 3: PA(alveolar pressure) moves from 1st, to 2nd and then 3rd positions

94
Q

The pressure difference that determines the calibre of a distensible tube is?

A

Transmural pressure

95
Q

_______ is the difference between the internal and external pressures of the lungs?

A

Transmural pressure

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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