Gross Anatomy (Abdomen) Flashcards
The middle part of the trunk, that encloses the abdominal cavity and it’s contents is called?
The Abdominal wall
Superiorly the abdominal wall is bounded by
Xiphoid process and costal margins
Inferiorly the abdominal wall is bounded by
Pelvis and inguinal ligaments
Posteriorly the abdominal wall is bounded by
Vertebral column
The abdominal wall is divided into 2 namely?
- Anterolateral, and
- Posterior abdominal walls
The layers of the Abdominal wall include;
Skin - superficial fascia - Muscle - Transversalis peritoneum - extraperitoneal fat - fascia
A thin membrane that covers the viscerals within the abdominal cavity is called
Peritoneum
The muscles of the abdominal wall are divided into 2 namely?
- Anterior abdominal muscles and
- Posterior abdominal muscles
The anterior abdominal muscles include;
- Rectus abdominis with fibrous tendon (Linea Alba)
- Pyramidalis
- External oblique
- Internal oblique
- Transversus abdominis
The posterior abdominal muscles include;
- Quadratus lumborum
- Psoas major
- Psoas minor
- Iliacus (with thoracolumbar & psoas fascia)
The abdomen is divided into how many regions?
9 regions
List the 9 regions of the abdomen
Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium
Right flank
Umbilical
Left flank
Right groin
Pubic
Left groin
The rectus sheath is formed by
Aponeurosis of 3 muscles and the Anterolateral wall
A short passage extending inferiomedially through the lower anterior abdominal wall is known as
Inguinal canal
In relations to the inguinal ligament, where does the inguinal canal lie?
It lies superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament
Anteriorly, the inguinal canal is bounded by?
Aponeurosis of external oblique and reinforced by internal oblique
Posteriorly, the inguinal canal is bounded by
Transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
The floor of the inguinal canal is bounded by?
Inguinal and lacunar ligaments
The spermatic cord, round ligament and ileo-inguinal nerve are contents of?
The inguinal canal
An applied anatomy of the inguinal canal is
Inguinal hernias
The are 2 layers of peritoneum.. They are;
- Parietal peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum
The parietal peritoneum is innervated by?
Somatic nerve
The visceral peritoneum is innervated by?
Autonomic nerve
A potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is known as
Peritoneal cavity
The peritoneal cavity normally contains a small amount of lubricating fluid
True or false
True
Inflammation of the peritoneum is
Peritonitis
Examples of major abdominal viscerals
- Liver
- Gall bladder
- Biliary tree
- Stomach
- Intestines (small and large)
Where is the liver located?
It is predominantly located in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium,
The folds of the peritoneum that supports the viscerals is known as
Omentum
The liver has two surfaces.. Namely;
Diaphragmatic surface, and
Visceral surface
The right and left lobes of the liver are demarcated by?
Falciform ligament
The accessory liver lobes of the caudate and quadrate are separated by?
Porta hepatitis
Blood supply to the liver is by
- Hepatic artery
- Hepatic portal vein
Blood Drainage from the liver is by
Hepatic veins
Nerve supply to the liver is via
Hepatic plexus
Vagus nerve, and
Lower intercostal nerve
The inflammation of the liver is known as
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is often caused by a viral infection.
True/False
True
A pear shaped organ that stores bile is called?
Gall bladder
The gall bladder is located in what abdominal region?
Right Hypochondriac region
The gall bladder is divided into 3, namely;
- Neck
- Body
- Fundus
The gall bladder is innervated by
- Coeliac plexus
- Vagus nerve
An applied anatomy of the gall bladder is
Gall stones
A series of GIT ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gall bladder is called?
Biliary tree
The hepatoPancreatic ampulla of Vater is formed by the fusion of what 2 ducts?
The common hepatic duct, and
The cystic duct
A J-shaped organ that temporarily stores food during digestion is called?
The stomach
The stomach is located in what abdominal regions?
The epigastric and umbilical regions
The stomach is divided into 4 parts ,
Name them?
- Cardiac
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
The stomach has two borders known as?
Greater and lesser Curvature
The term vasculature refers to?
Blood supply, and drainage of an organ
Blood supply to the stomach is through?
Right and left gastric arteries
Right and left gastro-omental arteries
Drainage from the stomach is through
Hepatic portal vein, and
superior mesenteric vein
Nerve supply to the stomach is through?
Vagus nerve,
Splanchnic nerve
An applied anatomy of the stomach is?
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease, also known as
GERD
How many intestines are found in a human being?
2: Small intestine,
Large intestine.
The small intestine begins at?
The Pylorus
What is the length of the small intestine
6.5 meters
The small intestine ends at?
The Ileocecal junction
(that is, the beginning of large intestine)
The small intestine is divided into 3 parts; namely
- Duodenum
- Jejenum
- Ileum
The jejenum and ileum attach to the posterior Abdominal wall by?
The mesentery
Blood supply to the small intestine is through?
Gastro-duodenal artery,
Inferior Pancreaticoduodendal artery
Blood Drainage from the small intestine is through
Hepatic portal vein
Lymphatic drainage from the small intestine is through
Superior mesenteric nodes
The small intestine is innervated by
- Vagus nerve
- Greater splanchnic (T⁵-T⁹) nerve
- Lesser splanchnic (T⁹-T¹⁰) nerve
Applied anatomy of the small intestine is
Duodenal ulcers
Bowel obstruction
The length of the large intestine
1.5 meters
The large intestine originates at?
The cecum
The large intestine ends at?
The anal canal
The large intestine is also known as
Colon
The large intestine is divided into 4 parts
- Ascending colon
- Descending colon
- Transverse colon
- Sigmoid colon
List characteristics of the Colon
- Possession of Haustrum (that is, segments)
- Wide diameter
Blood supply to the large intestine is through
Ileocolic and right colic artery
Left colic and sigmoid arteries
The left and right colic arteries are derived from!
The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
The blood Drainage of the large intestine is through
Hepatic portal vein
The large intestine is innervated by
Superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses via
Lumbar and pelvic splanchnic nerve
The Pancreas is located in what abdominal region
Epigastrium and left hypochondrium
The Pancreas is divided into 4 parts, namely;
- Head
- Uncinate process
- Neck
- Body and tail
Blood Drainage from the pancreas I through
- Superior mesenteric vein
- Hepatic portal vein, and
- Splenic vein
The spleen is located in what abdominal region
Left hypochondrium
The spleen is connected to the stomach and kidney by?
The greater Omentum
Blood supply to the spleen is by?
Splenic artery
The spleen is innervated by
Coeliac plexus
A bean shaped organ in the body is known as
The kidney
Which kidney is placed lower in the body
The right kidney
The kidney is a retroperitonial organ, this means?
The kidney is located behind the peritoneum
Blood supply to the kidneys is through
Renal arteries
Blood Drainage from kidney is through
Renal vein
The supra renal glands are located?
On the medial aspects of the upper poles of each kidney
How many supra renal glands are there?
2
Blood supply to the supra renal glands is through
The superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries
An applied anatomy is
Pheochromocytoma
