Histology Flashcards
1
Q
Olfaction refers to?
A
Sense of smell
2
Q
Olfactory receptors are found where?
A
The roof of the nasal cavity
3
Q
Olfactory receptors have long cilia.
True or false
A
True
4
Q
For detection of smell to take place, what must happen?
A
The chemicals must be dissolved in mucus
5
Q
Impulses from the nose are transmitted to the brain via?
A
The olfactory nerve
6
Q
Interpretation of smell is made in what part of the brain?
A
The brain cortex
7
Q
A cluster of taste receptor cells, make up a?
A
Taste bud
8
Q
Taste receptor cells are also known as?
A
Gustatory cells
9
Q
Where are taste receptors are found ?
A
- Tongue
- Soft palate
- Upper oesophagus
- Cheeks
- Epiglottis
10
Q
Taste receptors detect 5 elements of taste perception, which are?
A
- Sweetness
- Sourness
- Bitterness
- Saltiness
- Savoriness(umami)
11
Q
A popular myth says different regions of the tongue control specific tastes.
Is that True or False
A
False.
12
Q
Taste is detected by any area of the tongue via?
A
Tongue pores
13
Q
A collection of taste receptor cells male up?
A
A taste bud
14
Q
Taste receptors communicate with the brain through?
A
The 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves
15
Q
On average, the human tongue has how many taste buds?
A
2000 - 8000 taste buds
16
Q
The lifespan of a taste bud is ?
A
About 10days
17
Q
The tongue has different types of papilla. Name them?
A
- Fungiform papillae
- Filiform papillae
- Foliate papillae
- Circumvallate papillae
18
Q
The tongue epithelium comprises?
A
- Taste hairs
- Taste pores
- Basal cell
- Transitional cell
- Gustatory cells
19
Q
The organ of corti is located on?
A
The basilar membrane of the cochlea
20
Q
The Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani
outer hair cells
Inner hair cells
Basilar membrane
Are parts of?
A
The organ of corti
21
Q
The organ of corti has ______ rows outer hair cells and _____ rows of inner hair cells
A
3 rows of outer hair cells
1 row of inner hair cell
22
Q
Inner hair cells have what shape?
A
Flask shaped
23
Q
Outer hair cells have what shape
A
They are columnar
24
Q
The cornea has 5 layers. Name them?
A
- Outer corneal epithelium
- Bowman’s membrane
- Substantia propria
- Descemet membrane
- Inner endothelium
25
The outer corneal epithelium is composed of?
Thin stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
26
A homogeneous amorphous layer with fine collagen that forms the basement membrane for the corneal epithelium is known as?
The Bowman's membrane
27
What layer of the cornea is transparent and has its collagens arranged in alternate lamellae for light transmission
The substantia propria
28
The thin and homogeneous posterior limiting membrane is called?
Descemet's membrane
29
The Retina extends from ______ to _____.
**Optic disc** To **Ora serrata**
30
The pigment layer
Lamina of Rods & Cones
External limiting membrane
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform later
Inner nuclear layer
Ganglion cell layer
Lamina of nerve fibres
External limiting membrane
Are the 9 layers of ?
The Retina
31
The basement membrane of the pigment epithelium is known as?
Brunch membrane
32
Examples of photo receptors in the retina are;
Rods and Cones
33
A sieve-like membrane that supports rods & cones is called?
External limiting membrane
34
____& carries the nucleus of rods and cones?
Outer nuclear layer
35
____ are wider and tapers at the end (V shaped)
Cones
36
_____ are narrow and cylindrical
Rods
37
_______ shows the nucleus of bipolar , horizontal, amacrine, and Muller cells
Inner nuclear layer
38
______ layer consist of the synaptic area between rods and cones
Outer plexiform
39
Axons of ganglion cells are also called?
Nerve fibres
40
____ cells send signal via olfactory tract?
Mitral cells
41
A collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream constitute the?
Endocrine system
42
_____ cells of endocrine glands are usually arranged in short cords, follicles or clusters?
Parenchymal cells
43
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Suprarenal gland
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Are examples of what type of glands?
Endocrine glands
44
What gland is responsible for secretion of somatotropin(growth hormone) ?
Pituitary gland
45
The Neurohypophysis is also known as?
Posterior pituitary gland
46
Adenohypophysis is also known?
Anterior pituitary gland
47
The Neurohypophysis consists of?
1. Pars nervosa
2. Infundibulum
48
________ is composed of numerous parenchymal cells arranged in thick cords?
The adenohypophysis
49
Parenchymal cells of the adenohypophysis are classified in 2.
Name them?
1. Chromophils(have affinity for colour stains granules)
2. Chromophobes
50
Chromophils are divided into 2..
Name them?
1. Acidophils
2. Basophils
51
Acidophils are divided according to their secretory products, such as?
1. Somatotrophs (secrete somatotropin)
2. Mammotrophs (secrete prolactin)
52
Basophils are divided into 3. Name them?
1. Corticotrophs (secrete corticotropin hormone)
2. Tyrotrophs (secrete Thyrotropin)
3. Gonadotrophs (secrete FSH, and LH)
4.
53
In males FSH stimulates?
Spermatogenesis
54
In females, FSH stimulates?
Growth of ovarian follicle and production of oestrogen
55
In males, LH stimulates?
Production of androgen
by Leydig cells
56
In females, LH stimulates?
The maturation of Corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone
57
Basophils and acidophils that have lost their granules, are called?
Chromophobes
58
Chromophobes produce hormones.
True or False?
False
59
Parts of the anterior pituitary include?
1. Pars intermedia
2. Pars tuberalis
60
The thin zone of basophilic cells between the pars distalis and Pars nervosa is?
The pars intermedia
61
The funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the Neurohypophysis is?
Pars tuberalis
62
What part of the adenohypophysis secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone?
Pars intermedia
63
A collection of unmyelinated axons, whose cell bodies are located in
1. Paraventricular
2. Supra optic nuclei are known as?
Neurohypophysis
64
The terminal end of axons expand and form ?
Herring bodies
65
The Herring bodies contain?
1. Oxytocin
2. ADH (vasopressin)
66
Oxytocin is produced by?
Paraventricular nuclei
67
ADH is produced by?
Supraoptic nuclei
68
The axons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei enter the pars nervosa through?
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
69
Supportive cells of the pars nervosa are called?
Pituicytes
70
Pituicytes are highly branching glial cells and they resemble resemble astrocytes.
True or false
True
71
Another name for pineal gland is?
Epiphysis celebri
72
A small, cone shaped gland that regulates the daily rhythm of body activities is called?
Pineal gland
73
Pineal gland is covered by connective tissue capsule that is composed of ?
Pia matter
74
The main cellular elements of the pineal gland are secretory cells called?
1. Pinealocytes
2. Neuroglial cells
75
Mention 3 features of pinealocytes?
1. Polyhedral body
2. Basophilic cytoplasm
3. Prominent large nuclei
76
Pinealocytes give of long processes which share remains with the wall of capillaries of the 3rd ventricle
True or False
True
77
Pinealocytes secrete _______ during the day. And ______ during the night?
Serotonin in the day
Melatonin in the night
78
Melanin and melatonin are the same thing.
True or false?
False
79
______ hormone induces sleep due to darkness
Melatonin
80
_______ regulates the circadian rhythm of the body and are used in the treatment of jetlag and treatment of seasonal affective disorders (SAD)
Melatonin
81
Neuroglial cells are also called?
Interstitial glial cells
82
Pineal gland are characterised by calcified salts called?
1. Corpora aranecea
2. Brain sand
83
A bean shaped structure that secretes lymph is called?
Lymph node
84
______ is the point of entry for blood vessels and exit of lymph vessels in a lymph node?
Hilum
85
The capsule of lymph nodes are usually surrounded by?
Dense irregular connective tissues, elastic fibres and smooth muscles
86
1. B & T lymphocytes
2. Macrophages
3. Reticular cells
4. Plasma cells
Belong to?
Principal parenchymal cells of the lymph node
87
The 2 rounded areas within the cortex of the lymph node are?
1. Lymphatic follicles
2. Lymphatic nodules
88
Lymphatic nodules are composed of?
B-lymphocytes
89
Intermediate zones are composed of?
T-lymphocytes
90
The medulla of lymph nodes consists of?
Medullary sinus and medullary cords
91
The region between the cortex and medulla in lymph nodes are called?
Paracortex
92
Mention the functions of lymph nodes
1. Production of lymphocytes for immunity
2. Phagocytosis
3. Antibody production
93
______ is the largest lymphoid organ in the body?
Spleen
94
The spleen has 2 major subdivisions?
White pulp
Red pulp
95
White pulp shares relations with arterioles, while red pulp shares relations with?
Venous sinusoids
96
The spleen has open and closed circulation.
True or false?
True
97
_______ is a bilobed lymphoid organ found in the mediastinum?
Thymus
98
In the thymus, thymocytes are responsible for?
Dark appearance of the cortex
99
The blood-thymic barrier is formed by?
Reticular cells surrounding capillaries in cortex of thymus
100
Epithelial reticular cells in the medulla are arranged concentrically to form?
Thymic (Hassal's) Corpuscles
101
MALT means:
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
102
BALT means:
Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue
103
GALT means:
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
104
MALT by definition refer to?
Aggregation of lymphocytes present in the mucosa of some organs
105
Tonsils are part of MALT.
True or False
True
