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The Mediverse 2.2 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Olfaction refers to?

A

Sense of smell

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2
Q

Olfactory receptors are found where?

A

The roof of the nasal cavity

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3
Q

Olfactory receptors have long cilia.
True or false

A

True

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4
Q

For detection of smell to take place, what must happen?

A

The chemicals must be dissolved in mucus

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5
Q

Impulses from the nose are transmitted to the brain via?

A

The olfactory nerve

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6
Q

Interpretation of smell is made in what part of the brain?

A

The brain cortex

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7
Q

A cluster of taste receptor cells, make up a?

A

Taste bud

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8
Q

Taste receptor cells are also known as?

A

Gustatory cells

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9
Q

Where are taste receptors are found ?

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Soft palate
  3. Upper oesophagus
  4. Cheeks
  5. Epiglottis
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10
Q

Taste receptors detect 5 elements of taste perception, which are?

A
  1. Sweetness
  2. Sourness
  3. Bitterness
  4. Saltiness
  5. Savoriness(umami)
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11
Q

A popular myth says different regions of the tongue control specific tastes.
Is that True or False

A

False.

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12
Q

Taste is detected by any area of the tongue via?

A

Tongue pores

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13
Q

A collection of taste receptor cells male up?

A

A taste bud

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14
Q

Taste receptors communicate with the brain through?

A

The 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves

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15
Q

On average, the human tongue has how many taste buds?

A

2000 - 8000 taste buds

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16
Q

The lifespan of a taste bud is ?

A

About 10days

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17
Q

The tongue has different types of papilla. Name them?

A
  1. Fungiform papillae
  2. Filiform papillae
  3. Foliate papillae
  4. Circumvallate papillae
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18
Q

The tongue epithelium comprises?

A
  1. Taste hairs
  2. Taste pores
  3. Basal cell
  4. Transitional cell
  5. Gustatory cells
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19
Q

The organ of corti is located on?

A

The basilar membrane of the cochlea

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20
Q

The Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani
outer hair cells
Inner hair cells
Basilar membrane
Are parts of?

A

The organ of corti

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21
Q

The organ of corti has ______ rows outer hair cells and _____ rows of inner hair cells

A

3 rows of outer hair cells
1 row of inner hair cell

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22
Q

Inner hair cells have what shape?

A

Flask shaped

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23
Q

Outer hair cells have what shape

A

They are columnar

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24
Q

The cornea has 5 layers. Name them?

A
  1. Outer corneal epithelium
  2. Bowman’s membrane
  3. Substantia propria
  4. Descemet membrane
  5. Inner endothelium
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25
Q

The outer corneal epithelium is composed of?

A

Thin stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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26
Q

A homogeneous amorphous layer with fine collagen that forms the basement membrane for the corneal epithelium is known as?

A

The Bowman’s membrane

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27
Q

What layer of the cornea is transparent and has its collagens arranged in alternate lamellae for light transmission

A

The substantia propria

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28
Q

The thin and homogeneous posterior limiting membrane is called?

A

Descemet’s membrane

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29
Q

The Retina extends from ______ to _____.

A

Optic disc To Ora serrata

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30
Q

The pigment layer
Lamina of Rods & Cones
External limiting membrane
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform later
Inner nuclear layer
Ganglion cell layer
Lamina of nerve fibres
External limiting membrane
Are the 9 layers of ?

A

The Retina

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31
Q

The basement membrane of the pigment epithelium is known as?

A

Brunch membrane

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32
Q

Examples of photo receptors in the retina are;

A

Rods and Cones

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33
Q

A sieve-like membrane that supports rods & cones is called?

A

External limiting membrane

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34
Q

____& carries the nucleus of rods and cones?

A

Outer nuclear layer

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35
Q

____ are wider and tapers at the end (V shaped)

A

Cones

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36
Q

_____ are narrow and cylindrical

A

Rods

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37
Q

_______ shows the nucleus of bipolar , horizontal, amacrine, and Muller cells

A

Inner nuclear layer

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38
Q

______ layer consist of the synaptic area between rods and cones

A

Outer plexiform

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39
Q

Axons of ganglion cells are also called?

A

Nerve fibres

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40
Q

____ cells send signal via olfactory tract?

A

Mitral cells

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41
Q

A collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream constitute the?

A

Endocrine system

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42
Q

_____ cells of endocrine glands are usually arranged in short cords, follicles or clusters?

A

Parenchymal cells

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43
Q

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Suprarenal gland
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Are examples of what type of glands?

A

Endocrine glands

44
Q

What gland is responsible for secretion of somatotropin(growth hormone) ?

A

Pituitary gland

45
Q

The Neurohypophysis is also known as?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

Adenohypophysis is also known?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

47
Q

The Neurohypophysis consists of?

A
  1. Pars nervosa
  2. Infundibulum
48
Q

________ is composed of numerous parenchymal cells arranged in thick cords?

A

The adenohypophysis

49
Q

Parenchymal cells of the adenohypophysis are classified in 2.
Name them?

A
  1. Chromophils(have affinity for colour stains granules)
  2. Chromophobes
50
Q

Chromophils are divided into 2..
Name them?

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
51
Q

Acidophils are divided according to their secretory products, such as?

A
  1. Somatotrophs (secrete somatotropin)
  2. Mammotrophs (secrete prolactin)
52
Q

Basophils are divided into 3. Name them?

A
  1. Corticotrophs (secrete corticotropin hormone)
  2. Tyrotrophs (secrete Thyrotropin)
  3. Gonadotrophs (secrete FSH, and LH)

4.

53
Q

In males FSH stimulates?

A

Spermatogenesis

54
Q

In females, FSH stimulates?

A

Growth of ovarian follicle and production of oestrogen

55
Q

In males, LH stimulates?

A

Production of androgen
by Leydig cells

56
Q

In females, LH stimulates?

A

The maturation of Corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone

57
Q

Basophils and acidophils that have lost their granules, are called?

A

Chromophobes

58
Q

Chromophobes produce hormones.
True or False?

A

False

59
Q

Parts of the anterior pituitary include?

A
  1. Pars intermedia
  2. Pars tuberalis
60
Q

The thin zone of basophilic cells between the pars distalis and Pars nervosa is?

A

The pars intermedia

61
Q

The funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the Neurohypophysis is?

A

Pars tuberalis

62
Q

What part of the adenohypophysis secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone?

A

Pars intermedia

63
Q

A collection of unmyelinated axons, whose cell bodies are located in
1. Paraventricular
2. Supra optic nuclei are known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

64
Q

The terminal end of axons expand and form ?

A

Herring bodies

65
Q

The Herring bodies contain?

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. ADH (vasopressin)
66
Q

Oxytocin is produced by?

A

Paraventricular nuclei

67
Q

ADH is produced by?

A

Supraoptic nuclei

68
Q

The axons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei enter the pars nervosa through?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

69
Q

Supportive cells of the pars nervosa are called?

A

Pituicytes

70
Q

Pituicytes are highly branching glial cells and they resemble resemble astrocytes.
True or false

A

True

71
Q

Another name for pineal gland is?

A

Epiphysis celebri

72
Q

A small, cone shaped gland that regulates the daily rhythm of body activities is called?

A

Pineal gland

73
Q

Pineal gland is covered by connective tissue capsule that is composed of ?

A

Pia matter

74
Q

The main cellular elements of the pineal gland are secretory cells called?

A
  1. Pinealocytes
  2. Neuroglial cells
75
Q

Mention 3 features of pinealocytes?

A
  1. Polyhedral body
  2. Basophilic cytoplasm
  3. Prominent large nuclei
76
Q

Pinealocytes give of long processes which share remains with the wall of capillaries of the 3rd ventricle
True or False

A

True

77
Q

Pinealocytes secrete _______ during the day. And ______ during the night?

A

Serotonin in the day
Melatonin in the night

78
Q

Melanin and melatonin are the same thing.
True or false?

A

False

79
Q

______ hormone induces sleep due to darkness

A

Melatonin

80
Q

_______ regulates the circadian rhythm of the body and are used in the treatment of jetlag and treatment of seasonal affective disorders (SAD)

A

Melatonin

81
Q

Neuroglial cells are also called?

A

Interstitial glial cells

82
Q

Pineal gland are characterised by calcified salts called?

A
  1. Corpora aranecea
  2. Brain sand
83
Q

A bean shaped structure that secretes lymph is called?

A

Lymph node

84
Q

______ is the point of entry for blood vessels and exit of lymph vessels in a lymph node?

A

Hilum

85
Q

The capsule of lymph nodes are usually surrounded by?

A

Dense irregular connective tissues, elastic fibres and smooth muscles

86
Q
  1. B & T lymphocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Reticular cells
  4. Plasma cells
    Belong to?
A

Principal parenchymal cells of the lymph node

87
Q

The 2 rounded areas within the cortex of the lymph node are?

A
  1. Lymphatic follicles
  2. Lymphatic nodules
88
Q

Lymphatic nodules are composed of?

A

B-lymphocytes

89
Q

Intermediate zones are composed of?

A

T-lymphocytes

90
Q

The medulla of lymph nodes consists of?

A

Medullary sinus and medullary cords

91
Q

The region between the cortex and medulla in lymph nodes are called?

A

Paracortex

92
Q

Mention the functions of lymph nodes

A
  1. Production of lymphocytes for immunity
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Antibody production
93
Q

______ is the largest lymphoid organ in the body?

A

Spleen

94
Q

The spleen has 2 major subdivisions?

A

White pulp
Red pulp

95
Q

White pulp shares relations with arterioles, while red pulp shares relations with?

A

Venous sinusoids

96
Q

The spleen has open and closed circulation.
True or false?

A

True

97
Q

_______ is a bilobed lymphoid organ found in the mediastinum?

A

Thymus

98
Q

In the thymus, thymocytes are responsible for?

A

Dark appearance of the cortex

99
Q

The blood-thymic barrier is formed by?

A

Reticular cells surrounding capillaries in cortex of thymus

100
Q

Epithelial reticular cells in the medulla are arranged concentrically to form?

A

Thymic (Hassal’s) Corpuscles

101
Q

MALT means:

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

102
Q

BALT means:

A

Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue

103
Q

GALT means:

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

104
Q

MALT by definition refer to?

A

Aggregation of lymphocytes present in the mucosa of some organs

105
Q

Tonsils are part of MALT.
True or False

A

True

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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