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The Mediverse 2.2 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for Anti-Diuretic Hormone is?

A

Vasopressin

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2
Q

Water in the body is gotten through 2 ways?

A
  1. Water ingested
  2. Water synthesized by the body
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3
Q

Oxidation of carbohydrates is the basis for synthesis of?

A

Water in the body

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4
Q

The approximate amount of water taken in to the body is?

A

2100ml/day

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5
Q

The approximate amount of water synthesized in the body is?

A

2300ml/day

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6
Q

The water lost unconsciously from the body through evaporation from respiratory tract or diffusion through skin is known as

A

Insensible water loss

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7
Q

The total insensible water loss from the body is approximately?

A

700ml/day

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8
Q

The amount of water lost through evaporation from the respiratory tract measures to?

A

300-400 ml/day

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9
Q

Insensible water loss in the skin is minimised by what layer of the skin?

A

Cholesterol filled Cornified layer of the skin

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10
Q

When Cornified layer is denuded, the rate of evaporation can increase to what amount per day?

A

3-5L per day

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11
Q

The normal volume is sweat daily is?

A

100ml

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12
Q

In very hot weather or during heavy exercise, volume of sweat may increase to ?

A

1-2 Litres per hour

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13
Q

When body fluid is depleted due to sweating, thirst is activated..
True/False

A

True

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14
Q

100ml of water is lost in faeces..
True/False

A

True

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15
Q

There are 2 body fluid compartments, name them?

A
  1. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  2. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
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16
Q

ECF is divided into 3, name them ?

A
  1. Interstitial fluid
  2. Blood plasma
  3. Transcellular fluid
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17
Q

Synovial fluids, peritoneal fluids, pericardial fluid, intraocular fluid are all known as?

A

Transcellular fluid

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18
Q

In an average 70kg adult, total body water takes what percentage and volume?

A

60% of body weight
Volume = 42L

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19
Q

Men normally have more percentage of water than women, this is because?

A

Women have more body fats than men

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20
Q

The volume and percentage of intracellular fluid in the body is?

A

28Litres, which is 40% of body weight

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21
Q

Extracellular fluid accounts for what volume and percentage of body weight?

A

14Litres
20% of body weight

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22
Q

60% of the blood is composed of?

A

Plasma

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23
Q

40% of blood is composed of?

A

Erythrocyte

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24
Q

The fraction of blood composed of RBC is called?

A

Hematocrit

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25
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia is the excessive production of RBC

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26
Q

Fluid in body compartments is measured using what principle?

A

Indicator-dilution principle

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27
Q

Antipyrine is a substance used to measure ?

A

Body fluid volume using dilution principle

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28
Q

Intracellular volume is calculation by

A

ICF = total body water - ECF volume

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29
Q

A common substances used in measuring plasma include?

A
  1. Serum albumin labelled with radioactive (125- albumin)
  2. Evans blue dye
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30
Q

Interstitial fluid is calculated by

A

Extracellular fluid volume - Plasma volume

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31
Q

The osmolal concentration of a solution is known as ?

A

Osmolality

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32
Q

When the osmolal concentration is expressed as osmoles per litre of solution, it is called?

A

Osmolarity

33
Q

The movement of molecules of a liquid or gas through a semi permeable membrane, is called

A

Osmosis

34
Q

The force that prevents osmosis is called?

A

Osmotic pressure

35
Q

Higher the osmotic pressure = lower water concentration and Higher concentration of solution.
True or false?

A

True

36
Q

The presence of excess fluid in the body tissues is simply called

A

Edema

37
Q

The force exerted by a fluid against the wall of a vessel is called?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

Surplus fluid in the interstitial space that is not directly returned to the capillaries is drained by what body system?

A

The lymphatic system

39
Q

Excess Fluid drained by the lymphatic system from tissues re-enters the vascular system through what vein?

A

The subclavian vein

40
Q

There are 2 types of edema, namely?

A
  1. Intracellular edema
  2. Extracellular edema
41
Q

Mathematically, capillary filtration rate is calculated by?

A

Capillary filtration coefficient (kF) ÷ by capillary hydrostatic pressure - Plasma colloid pressure (pC) + interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (PiF)

42
Q

Glucose molecules move down the concentration gradient through?

A

Facilitated diffusion

43
Q

Proteoglycan filament
Increased lymph flow and
washdown of interstitial fluid protein
All act as safety factors against?

A

Edema

44
Q

Mention the potential spaces for fluid in the body

A
  1. Pleural cavity
  2. Pericardial cavity
  3. Peritoneal cavity
  4. Synovial cavity
  5. Bursae
  6. Joints
45
Q

After age 40, what happens to the number of functional nephrons?

A

The number decreases about 10% every 10years

46
Q

The glomerulus has a basement membrane which contain?

A
  1. Laminins
  2. Type IV collagen
  3. Agrin
  4. Nidogen
47
Q

The visceral epithelium of the kidney is called?

A

Podocytes

48
Q

The GFR makes up what percentage of renal plasma flow?

A

20%

49
Q

Net filtration pressure (10mmhg) is gotten by?

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure(60mmhg) - Bowman’s capsule pressure (18mmhg) - Glomerular oncotic pressure (32mmhg)

50
Q

Mathematically GFR is equal to?

A

Capillary filtration coefficient × Net filtration pressure

51
Q

The net filtration pressure is?

A

The sum of hydrostatic forces and osmotic forces

52
Q

Osmotic forces oppose fluid filtration?
True or false

A

True

53
Q

Hydrostatic forces favour fluid filtration.
True or false

A

True

54
Q

Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule decreases GFR.
True or false

A

True

55
Q

Precipitation of Calcium or uric acid can lead to?

A

Formation of stones that lodge in the urinary tract

56
Q

Kidney stones can damage or destroy the kidney .
True or false

A

True

57
Q

Increased glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure leads to?

A

Decrease in GFR

58
Q

Increased blood flow into glomerulus causes?

A

Increase in GFR

59
Q

Reduced blood flow into the glomerulus decreases GFR.
True or false

A

True

60
Q

Nephrons have similar component, but differ depending on how deep they lie within the kidney.
True or false

A

True

61
Q

Nephrons that lie in the cortex are called?

A

Cortical nephrons

62
Q

Nephrons that have glomeruli that lie deep in the renal cortex near the Medulla are known as?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

63
Q

The entire tubular system in cortical nephrons are surrounded by?

A

Peritubular capillaries

64
Q

In Juxtamedullary nephrons, long efferent arterioles divide into specialised peritubular capillaries called?

A

Vasa recta

65
Q

Vasa recta empty into?

A

Cortical veins

66
Q

The Vasa recta plays an essential role in?

A

The formation of concentrated urine

67
Q

What is the function of renal tubular epithelial cells?

A

They convert 180L of glomerular filtrate into 1-2L of urine

68
Q

Mention the general factors influencing tubular transport of substances

A
  1. Transporters
  2. Endocytic receptors
  3. Epithelial cell polarity
  4. Specialised properties of renal epithelial cells
69
Q

There are 3 types of tubular transporters, name them

A
  1. Uniporter
  2. Co-transporter or symporter
  3. Antiporter or exchanger
70
Q

The proximal tubule absorbs How many percent of glomerular filtrate?

A

60%

71
Q

Example of major solutes reabsorbed by the proximal tubule include?

A
  1. Potassium
  2. Chloride
  3. Bicarbonate
  4. Sulphate
  5. Citrate
  6. Phosphate
  7. Calcium
  8. Glucose
  9. Uric acid
72
Q

The proximal tubule also has secretory functions.
True or false

A

True

73
Q

The proximal tubule secretes?

A
  1. Oxylate
  2. Toxins
  3. Organic anions and cations
  4. Sodium
74
Q

A clinical application of Dysfunction of the proximal tubule is?

A

Fanconi’s syndrome

75
Q

Reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule.
True or false

A

True

76
Q

Symptoms of fanconi’s syndrome include;

A
  1. Glucosuria
  2. Hypophosphatemia
  3. Polyuria
  4. Absence of azotemia
  5. Proximal renal tubular acidosis
  6. Aminoaciduria and proteinuria
77
Q

Heat production in the body is due to?

A

Oxidation of food molecules

78
Q

When the rate of heat produced equals the rate of heat lost, it is known as?

A

Thermal equilibrium

79
Q

Thermostatic activities in the body are regulated by?

A

The Hypothalamus

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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